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	<title>高等数学教程 &#8211; 编码无悔 /  Intent &amp; Focused</title>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(24)</title>
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					<comments>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b024/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 22 Dec 2013 09:16:15 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7637</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例2. 证明函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9b4fbea1e8a995125a014c281dedeac9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x},y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left&#124; x \right&#124;" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x},y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left&#124; x \right&#124;</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续，但是在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点不可导。<br />
<span id="more-7637"></span><br />
证：<br />
对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e792c08aeb14d2f64b8026bb73f83d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x}</script> ，自变量在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f93f94f0cbf6f0da71b5bb8ea7a99433.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \sqrt[3]{{0 + \Delta x}} - \sqrt[3]{0} = \sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \sqrt[3]{{0 + \Delta x}} - \sqrt[3]{0} = \sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_69fb9aba4fde4b2214209ae5ba28526c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{(\Delta y)^3} = \Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{(\Delta y)^3} = \Delta x</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dbf8b23fc689a07f8691d4c876c0a720.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {(\Delta y)^3} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y} \right)^3} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {(\Delta y)^3} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y} \right)^3} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x = 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_200d49b633d1b65a19f85e2249aef522.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e792c08aeb14d2f64b8026bb73f83d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续（注：由<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7083" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">第18课</span></a>的连续性定义可知）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b024/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例2. 证明函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9b4fbea1e8a995125a014c281dedeac9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x},y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x},y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right|</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续，但是在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点不可导。<br />
<span id="more-7637"></span><br />
证：<br />
对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e792c08aeb14d2f64b8026bb73f83d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x}</script> ，自变量在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f93f94f0cbf6f0da71b5bb8ea7a99433.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \sqrt[3]{{0 + \Delta x}} - \sqrt[3]{0} = \sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \sqrt[3]{{0 + \Delta x}} - \sqrt[3]{0} = \sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_69fb9aba4fde4b2214209ae5ba28526c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{(\Delta y)^3} = \Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{(\Delta y)^3} = \Delta x</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dbf8b23fc689a07f8691d4c876c0a720.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {(\Delta y)^3} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y} \right)^3} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {(\Delta y)^3} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y} \right)^3} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x = 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_200d49b633d1b65a19f85e2249aef522.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e792c08aeb14d2f64b8026bb73f83d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续（注：由<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7083" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">第18课</span></a>的连续性定义可知）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
下面证明导数不存在。<br />
第一个函数：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3521249ab3c6a9401401fc7400d7e148.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{{(\Delta x)}^{\frac{2}{3}}}}} = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sqrt[3]{{\Delta x}}}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{1}{{{{(\Delta x)}^{\frac{2}{3}}}}} = \infty </script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e792c08aeb14d2f64b8026bb73f83d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt[3]{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt[3]{x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点不可导。</p>
<p>第二个函数：<br />
对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_511058d385c25a184472ccd495723a8b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right| = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x,x \ge 0}\\{ - x,x < 0}\end{array}} \right." /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt {{x^2}} = \left| x \right| = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x,x \ge 0}\\{ - x,x < 0}\end{array}} \right.</script> ，易证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ed31a05407519a1de0275b7bd37239be.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \left| x \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \left| x \right|</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续（这里就不详细写了）<br />
设自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，则：</p>
<div>
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_716ee70d85a3f0b611c0bd0e69dd6c4a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \left| {0 + \Delta x} \right| - \left| 0 \right| = \left| {\Delta x} \right| = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\Delta x,\Delta x > 0}\\{ - \Delta x,\Delta x < 0}\end{array}} \right." /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \left| {0 + \Delta x} \right| - \left| 0 \right| = \left| {\Delta x} \right| = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{\Delta x,\Delta x > 0}\\{ - \Delta x,\Delta x < 0}\end{array}} \right.</script> <br />
	在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 处的右导数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_08abc9ee26c4dfd195104262bced1f95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ + }(0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{\Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ + }(0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{\Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = 1</script> <br />
	在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 处的左导数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dbf7d86983f12637d89cf989ecc3b2d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }(0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{ - \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = - 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }(0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{ - \Delta x}}{{\Delta x}} = - 1</script> <br />
	因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2217e3d0ef602f2355097a1317b33724.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ + }(0) \ne {{f'}_ - }(0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ + }(0) \ne {{f'}_ - }(0)</script> <br />
	所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d49eded98e05869cebdd0f9754040af.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x) = \left| x \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x) = \left| x \right|</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点不可导（注：由<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7607" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">第23课</span></a>开头的定义可知）<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	从函数图形上很容易看出来：<br />
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_24_1.jpg" /><br />
	对右图，在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点处，切线垂直于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 轴，斜率为无穷大，故不可导。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	五、几个基本初等函数的导数公式<br />
	1. 常数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C</script> ： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9f1782950e5a012b2ea19c051b21468d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \equiv C, - \infty < x < + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \equiv C, - \infty < x < + \infty </script> <br />
	下面推导其导数：<br />
	令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_af60de4de21584cc6b4f4330811dce5b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x) \equiv C,\;\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x) \equiv C,\;\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_69e880686adf3f05ce85433faae9b1fe.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f(x + \Delta x) - f(x) = C - C = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f(x + \Delta x) - f(x) = C - C = 0</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cfdc203b18cf9e049db5b07a724440fa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{0}{{\Delta x}} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{0}{{\Delta x}} = 0</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6971ec1a2265256346ad30d4daeec33d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( C \right)^\prime } = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( C \right)^\prime } = 0</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	2. 幂函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_47b855c36f0342f7b0515644822e23a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x) = {x^\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x) = {x^\alpha }</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 为实常数）<br />
	下面推导其导数：<br />
	当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0c89fe546bb00ab99d7fd557224cefbc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha = n(n \in N)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha = n(n \in N)</script> 时，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea136adfbc065c61b6f18c805ca4942c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f(x + \Delta x) - f(x) = {(x + \Delta x)^n} - {x^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f(x + \Delta x) - f(x) = {(x + \Delta x)^n} - {x^n}</script> <br />
	按二项式定理展开前面的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_408da8b2d9ff27b9425008d73c9055cf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{(x + \Delta x)^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{(x + \Delta x)^n}</script> ，得：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1e43fd8c668f27adb049a8a74a7b8259.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \left[ {{x^n} + n{x^{n - 1}}\Delta x + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}{{(\Delta x)}^2} + \cdots + {{(\Delta x)}^n}} \right] - {x^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \left[ {{x^n} + n{x^{n - 1}}\Delta x + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}{{(\Delta x)}^2} + \cdots + {{(\Delta x)}^n}} \right] - {x^n}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_228cb2269d34a907e5c5bdc0976a2391.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = n{x^{n - 1}}\Delta x + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}{(\Delta x)^2} + \cdots + {(\Delta x)^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = n{x^{n - 1}}\Delta x + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}{(\Delta x)^2} + \cdots + {(\Delta x)^n}</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9cefb5fdfe0eb97bded4401ae51d11ba.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = n{x^{n - 1}} + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}\Delta x + \cdots + {(\Delta x)^{n - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = n{x^{n - 1}} + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}\Delta x + \cdots + {(\Delta x)^{n - 1}}</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4143c83a2beadee016f970dc6ce66db2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {n{x^{n - 1}} + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}\Delta x + \cdots + {{(\Delta x)}^{n - 1}}} \right] = n{x^{n - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {n{x^{n - 1}} + \frac{{n(n - 1)}}{{2!}}{x^{n - 2}}\Delta x + \cdots + {{(\Delta x)}^{n - 1}}} \right] = n{x^{n - 1}}</script> <br />
	（注：从第二项开始，每一项的极限均为0）<br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6a0eaf67eb57e086d283afd47a2f9b78.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="({x^n})' = n{x^{n - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>({x^n})' = n{x^{n - 1}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 为任何实常数时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3beec52d9228ac3b517474de0203c25d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="({x^\alpha })' = \alpha {x^{\alpha - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>({x^\alpha })' = \alpha {x^{\alpha - 1}}</script> ，这个结论以后再证明。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	3. 正弦、余弦函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d2654bbe3ec797289b85ca4573e374a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x) = \sin x,f(x) = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x) = \sin x,f(x) = \cos x</script> <br />
	先来推导正弦函数的导数：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1bd25e28e3aea92ed8e6272c82da660.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sin x,\; - \infty < x < + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sin x,\; - \infty < x < + \infty </script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32973eb885f75d62b22bf9b01b41eb4b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )</script> ，自变量有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4942f4057e2834cce76bac31807380f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\Delta x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\Delta x}</script> ，函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_441bad5c5b571c78799e80e873cc5ab3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sin x</script> 的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2128efdf72e64db6c65cc35a3d4770ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \sin (x + \Delta x) - \sin x = 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \sin (x + \Delta x) - \sin x = 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})</script> <br />
	（注：三角函数的和差化积公式）<br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_810a03afb680f74c31f50377f73b9e5e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e7fad22f1d4959f0c3a7582a91ab2b34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\Delta x}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}) = 1 \cdot \cos x = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\Delta x}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}) = 1 \cdot \cos x = \cos x</script> <br />
	（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_113c75456a81674fd181485551156342.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\Delta x}} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\Delta x}} = 1</script> 是重要极限之一； <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ae1c9c53a3217f895d7cce542ccd578d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \cos x</script> 是连续函数，因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1592150cd7fe55d77ec1c61a965daace.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})</script> 的极限号可以放进去）<br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_621bb232d81c01be945a54b21f855e8c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(\sin x)' = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(\sin x)' = \cos x</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	再来推导余弦函数的导数：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4932430222035f04fd38b3fe1ad08736.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \cos x,\; - \infty < x < + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \cos x,\; - \infty < x < + \infty </script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32973eb885f75d62b22bf9b01b41eb4b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a05fa6a0d1633644380501f2a3f5085.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\cos (x + \Delta x) - \cos x}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{ - 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\sin \left( {x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\cos (x + \Delta x) - \cos x}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{ - 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\sin \left( {x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right)}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b554b7d521acc4b9828284f8b4617fa3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \sin \left( {x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right) = - \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}}{{\frac{{\Delta x}}{2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \sin \left( {x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right) = - \sin x</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eaf0ad9c75dedc0fbb09ca17eaa725be.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(\cos x)' = - \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(\cos x)' = - \sin x</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	4. 对数函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_501e211ea95a806d51a67fb63b0ab90d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x) = {\log _a}x\;(a > 0,a \ne 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x) = {\log _a}x\;(a > 0,a \ne 1)</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c5e053f66f138c17da8e910829712cd5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {\log _a}x,\;0 < x < + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {\log _a}x,\;0 < x < + \infty </script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a92718c8225bc2e06388bfcc3c7e03df.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in (0, + \infty )</script> ，设自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4942f4057e2834cce76bac31807380f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\Delta x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\Delta x}</script> ，函数对应的增量：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1cdd6483d4b4f14ade3b8adc7d3187c4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = {\log _a}(x + \Delta x) - {\log _a}x = {\log _a}\left( {\frac{{x + \Delta x}}{x}} \right) = {\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = {\log _a}(x + \Delta x) - {\log _a}x = {\log _a}\left( {\frac{{x + \Delta x}}{x}} \right) = {\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)</script> <br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_af1e09eb6161f1300e5c4fadbb821de6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{1}{{\Delta x}}{\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right) = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{x}{{\Delta x}}{\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right) = \frac{1}{x}{\log _a}{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{1}{{\Delta x}}{\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right) = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{x}{{\Delta x}}{\log _a}\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right) = \frac{1}{x}{\log _a}{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3c94fdefbb16015343e8b96aa292f2c6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{x}{{\log }_a}{{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right] = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {{{\log }_a}{{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{x}{{\log }_a}{{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right] = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {{{\log }_a}{{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right]</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_494a5129ad7a88f5a7907f6383e2d623.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \frac{1}{x} \cdot {\log _a}\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right] = \frac{1}{x} \cdot {\log _a}e = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{{\ln a}} = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \frac{1}{x} \cdot {\log _a}\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {{\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)}^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}}} \right] = \frac{1}{x} \cdot {\log _a}e = \frac{1}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{{\ln a}} = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}</script> <br />
	（注：<span style="color:#0000ff;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f64f2431be20826db8e0302fe3006e21.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {\left( {1 + \frac{{\Delta x}}{x}} \right)^{\frac{x}{{\Delta x}}}} = e</script> 是重要极限之一，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8ff7afa07310006af535872bb1fd982e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} {(1 + \alpha )^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} {(1 + \alpha )^{\frac{1}{\alpha }}} = e</script> </span>）<br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_338d22bd95e18c36f6808c897417ca4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {{{\log }_a}x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {{{\log }_a}x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d8ecf5392c8725ec45fa958574123313.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{{x\ln e}} = \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(\ln x)' = \frac{1}{{x\ln e}} = \frac{1}{x}</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	本课推导的常用的导数公式总结：<br />
	<span style="color:#b22222;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6971ec1a2265256346ad30d4daeec33d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( C \right)^\prime } = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( C \right)^\prime } = 0</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9c9fb33f868f94173a8c8b8a5b8f32e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {{x^\alpha }} \right)^\prime } = \alpha {x^{\alpha - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {{x^\alpha }} \right)^\prime } = \alpha {x^{\alpha - 1}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6777ebafb9c48ca6d9b4173e20979001.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {\sin x} \right)^\prime } = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {\sin x} \right)^\prime } = \cos x</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3af642b26a2051682e6a94c2567488fa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {\cos x} \right)^\prime } = - \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {\cos x} \right)^\prime } = - \sin x</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_338d22bd95e18c36f6808c897417ca4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {{{\log }_a}x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {{{\log }_a}x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{{x\ln a}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b690179a00bd2fe14191f55e339f0d5e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {\ln x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {\ln x} \right)^\prime } = \frac{1}{x}</script> </span><br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第24课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(23)</title>
		<link>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b023/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Nov 2013 15:35:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7607</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#add8e6;">&#60;定义2&#62;</span> 设函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的左侧 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f11dc0ddbf2a74d4f03cb82a49cff880.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_0} + \Delta x,{x_0}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_0} + \Delta x,{x_0}]</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7929094d880277fb3dfb2776fa20d4c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x < 0</script> ）有定义，如果极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5d9df8bc4389be480c4d52fbd7376287.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> 存在，则称此极限为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的<span style="color:#0000ff;">左导数</span>，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2ec9d9eb460d3a0cd72fcacf3124a22a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
<span id="more-7607"></span><br />
类似有<span style="color:#0000ff;">右导数</span>：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1dc1acfe612f8f4538861381839df586.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ + }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ + }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
显然有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ca53f06b522757382f4693a907cd0af9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{f({x_0})}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{f({x_0})}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61b74dc3e9bb4fbc39f8d9e90b8d62e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{x_0}}</script> 点可导 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_498d5bf18b89049d03641c40d8da5d54.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Leftrightarrow {{f'}_ - }({x_0}),{{f'}_ + }({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Leftrightarrow {{f'}_ - }({x_0}),{{f'}_ + }({x_0})</script> 存在且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84a3f19627566be3ef64b36b45e6402.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = {{f'}_ + }({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = {{f'}_ + }({x_0})</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b023/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#add8e6;">&lt;定义2&gt;</span> 设函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的左侧 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f11dc0ddbf2a74d4f03cb82a49cff880.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_0} + \Delta x,{x_0}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_0} + \Delta x,{x_0}]</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7929094d880277fb3dfb2776fa20d4c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x < 0</script> ）有定义，如果极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5d9df8bc4389be480c4d52fbd7376287.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> 存在，则称此极限为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的<span style="color:#0000ff;">左导数</span>，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2ec9d9eb460d3a0cd72fcacf3124a22a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ - }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
<span id="more-7607"></span><br />
类似有<span style="color:#0000ff;">右导数</span>：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1dc1acfe612f8f4538861381839df586.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ + }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ + }({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to {0^ + }} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
显然有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ca53f06b522757382f4693a907cd0af9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{f({x_0})}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{f({x_0})}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61b74dc3e9bb4fbc39f8d9e90b8d62e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{x_0}}</script> 点可导 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_498d5bf18b89049d03641c40d8da5d54.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Leftrightarrow {{f'}_ - }({x_0}),{{f'}_ + }({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Leftrightarrow {{f'}_ - }({x_0}),{{f'}_ + }({x_0})</script> 存在且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84a3f19627566be3ef64b36b45e6402.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = {{f'}_ + }({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }({x_0}) = {{f'}_ + }({x_0})</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内可导，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9cfcfae83e2ede552d0a7df1c8dd2026.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ + }(a)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ + }(a)</script> 和 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_589009e80af770fa9e0d229abf002800.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{f'}_ - }(b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{f'}_ - }(b)</script> 存在，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上可导，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b378f88b771c9de188c8f37fd89b292b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in D\left[ {a,b} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in D\left[ {a,b} \right]</script> </p>
<p>三、<span style="color:#ff0000;">导数的几何意义</span><br />
由实例2（曲线上一点处切线的斜率问题）及导数定义：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3816232a9914d1c02f1e39da97e48eb1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f130bbf7c6fe86ea9f5e7a159031379.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}</script> 表示割线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b4c2d3a836a4e63126824025267813db.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}P" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}P</script> 的斜率<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea85f85051ced06dfad1325959c7ed7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0})</script> </p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_23_1.JPG" style="width: 300px; height: 206px;" /></div>
<p><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_497936c7da8ea6f2bf692764f09f874f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x)</script> 在几何上表示曲线上一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b837b715b2cd1e2dc7ab22192e33fe93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0}))" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0}))</script> 点处切线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_947b6f67eddfe4b5c36f4fbe05a03b5b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}T" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}T</script> 的斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_471a6ab19c063bb998208687cc9af513.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'({x_0}) = \tan \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'({x_0}) = \tan \alpha </script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 是切线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_947b6f67eddfe4b5c36f4fbe05a03b5b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}T" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}T</script> 的倾角。<br />
根据导数几何意义及平面解析几何关于直线方程的知识（点斜式方程）：<br />
切线方程为： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_345289808dd30a6cd9cdefc7fdb13fe8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y - f({x_0}) = f'({x_0})(x - {x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y - f({x_0}) = f'({x_0})(x - {x_0})</script> <br />
曲线上点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b837b715b2cd1e2dc7ab22192e33fe93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0}))" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0}))</script> 的法线（过 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aef6163966617171f9d34dce5cf097a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}</script> 点且与该点处的切线垂直的直线，称为曲线在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aef6163966617171f9d34dce5cf097a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}</script> 点的法线）方程是什么？<br />
已知：切线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cda1d4f1ca2c409b0e73ed131d871621.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{k_q} = f'({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{k_q} = f'({x_0})</script> <br />
而切线与法线垂直，故法线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b6437c4fb4c7c637c160cb1d3acab565.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{k_f} = - \frac{1}{{f'({x_0})}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{k_f} = - \frac{1}{{f'({x_0})}}</script> （与切线斜率互为负倒数，其中 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7068d141ed5a7c4f1f76bae50e098ed3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'({x_0}) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'({x_0}) \ne 0</script> ）<br />
所以法线方程为： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_173211c525505f237b68b5bc62ff3724.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y - f({x_0}) = - \frac{1}{{f'({x_0})}}(x - {x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y - f({x_0}) = - \frac{1}{{f'({x_0})}}(x - {x_0})</script> <br />
若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_901364eb82612ca62f513c6979a1f808.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'({x_0}) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'({x_0}) = \infty </script> （表示切线垂直于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 轴），则切线方程为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd6e837f0058c722a2c82b258376e241.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = {x_0}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例1. 求曲线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52e6e7d7f6bd35d832ecfcb0e273497f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2d1b247252d8ada539d78c0a15eb9cc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}(1,1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}(1,1)</script> 处的切线方程和法线方程。<br />
解：先求导数： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab612d1704b4d572e2e8abe197d39210.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y' = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y' = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2b892cdc403ea992f87f22ca02cae8af.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left. {y'} \right|_{x = 1}} = - 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left. {y'} \right|_{x = 1}} = - 2</script> <br />
切线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_816b66bc57e71907c76076f9ebb84645.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{k_q} = - 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{k_q} = - 2</script> ，法线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b8d0501ba519ca12a2ed91addc689a46.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{k_f} = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{k_f} = \frac{1}{2}</script> <br />
因此切线方程为： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8ea41973f83a18cf15cd12cadf1532d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y - 1 = - 2(x - 1) \Rightarrow 2x + y - 3 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y - 1 = - 2(x - 1) \Rightarrow 2x + y - 3 = 0</script> <br />
法线方程为： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bc96e9a1ddb01c0b0bf935c750d61964.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y - 1 = \frac{1}{2}(x - 1) \Rightarrow x - 2y + 1 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y - 1 = \frac{1}{2}(x - 1) \Rightarrow x - 2y + 1 = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
思考：曲线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_25493a2e4404aef6b3a84151ac6dbe91.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f({x_0})</script> 外有一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7f299a2d8a85cc163e106827184e9cea.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{M_0}({x_0},{y_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{M_0}({x_0},{y_0})</script> ，过 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3443f59000ad7211b0e42c077e75dcaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{M_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{M_0}</script> 点作曲线的切线，怎样求该切线的方程？</p>
<p>四、<span style="color:#ff0000;">函数的可导性与连续性的关系</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#add8e6;">&lt;定理&gt;</span> <span style="color:#0000ff;">如果函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点可导，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点必定连续。</span><br />
证：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，函数对应的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1b5a8972d8beeb87780f3151be8d1154.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})</script> <br />
要证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续，也就是要证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_200d49b633d1b65a19f85e2249aef522.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> （注：为什么？见<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7083" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">第18课</span></a>的连续性定义）<br />
由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点可导，从而有： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6145de2efb6f7dfe4b43414649333041.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}}</script> 存在，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea85f85051ced06dfad1325959c7ed7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0})</script> <br />
根据有极限的函数与无穷小的关系（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dce742fe2c866c50c2f0da6fce6fc506.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \Leftrightarrow f(x) = A + \alpha ,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \Leftrightarrow f(x) = A + \alpha ,\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha = 0</script> ）可知：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f582bdd267a9f188fe2724781f71d5f9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0}) + \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = f'({x_0}) + \alpha </script> <br />
即： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0c375c2eb3ffa92438f18709e750217c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f'({x_0})\Delta x + \alpha \Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f'({x_0})\Delta x + \alpha \Delta x</script> <br />
两边取极限：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_290f1e02b27eca01bcae7649e0456f16.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = f'({x_0})\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} (\alpha \Delta x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = f'({x_0})\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta x + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} (\alpha \Delta x)</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_72518e5c4820b366b334e6ffb58d385c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \Delta x</script> 为两个无穷小的乘积，仍为无穷小）<br />
因此函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续（<span style="color:#0000ff;">连续是可导的必要条件</span>）<br />
定理的逆命题<span style="color:#ff0000;">不成立</span>，即函数在一点连续，也不一定是可导的。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第23课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(22)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 03 Nov 2013 12:20:37 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7313</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#add8e6;">第3章 导数与微分</span></div>
<p>（1）由于自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 的变化引起函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 变化的&#8220;快慢&#8221;问题&#8212;&#8212;函数的变化率/导数。<br />
（2）由于自变量的微小改变（增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> 很小时）引起 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 的改变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7f5a0c1aa836580b7c14bcd90384f9c9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y</script> 的近似值问题&#8212;&#8212;微分问题。<br />
（3）求导数或微分&#8212;&#8212;微分法。<br />
<span id="more-7313"></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58fb07e3d4fa708afd0734aab363fd36.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi </script> 1 导数概念</span></div>
<p>一、两个实例<br />
1.直线运动的瞬时速度问题<br />
设质点沿直线作非匀速运动，其走过的路程 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_03c7c0ace395d80182db07ae2c30f034.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s</script> 与时间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e358efa489f58062f10dd7316b65649e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t</script> 的函数关系 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa6af38cdbd51f2ce6ffcebc561d8969.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s = s(t)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s = s(t)</script> ，求某一时刻 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 时的瞬时速度。<br />
设从时刻 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ae91cd7b3b380ee5a702aa2e20bd798.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0} + \Delta t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0} + \Delta t</script> 这段时间内质点走过的路程为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02c0270118671fcffab1bd6f680b49fe.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta s = s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta s = s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})</script> </p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_22_1.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 79px;" /></div>
<p>从 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ae91cd7b3b380ee5a702aa2e20bd798.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0} + \Delta t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0} + \Delta t</script> 这段时间内，平均速度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9bbc076bddf24ba6eb09b7349055bf99.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}}</script> <br />
对非匀速运动的质点，平均速度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3678543142db7c0f9602ceb0d4a1f62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v </script> 可以作为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 时刻瞬时速度的近似值（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e082456026f1223ffe4f3eef84cf24d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\Delta t}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\Delta t}</script> 很小时）：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_23691a572ebade2d697ec2bd39ad0d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left. v \right&#124;_{t = {t_0}}} \approx \overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left.</script>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b022/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#add8e6;">第3章 导数与微分</span></div>
<p>（1）由于自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 的变化引起函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 变化的&ldquo;快慢&rdquo;问题&mdash;&mdash;函数的变化率/导数。<br />
（2）由于自变量的微小改变（增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> 很小时）引起 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 的改变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7f5a0c1aa836580b7c14bcd90384f9c9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y</script> 的近似值问题&mdash;&mdash;微分问题。<br />
（3）求导数或微分&mdash;&mdash;微分法。<br />
<span id="more-7313"></span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58fb07e3d4fa708afd0734aab363fd36.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi </script> 1 导数概念</span></div>
<p>一、两个实例<br />
1.直线运动的瞬时速度问题<br />
设质点沿直线作非匀速运动，其走过的路程 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_03c7c0ace395d80182db07ae2c30f034.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s</script> 与时间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e358efa489f58062f10dd7316b65649e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t</script> 的函数关系 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa6af38cdbd51f2ce6ffcebc561d8969.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s = s(t)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s = s(t)</script> ，求某一时刻 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 时的瞬时速度。<br />
设从时刻 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ae91cd7b3b380ee5a702aa2e20bd798.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0} + \Delta t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0} + \Delta t</script> 这段时间内质点走过的路程为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02c0270118671fcffab1bd6f680b49fe.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta s = s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta s = s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})</script> </p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_22_1.jpg" style="width: 300px; height: 79px;" /></div>
<p>从 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ae91cd7b3b380ee5a702aa2e20bd798.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0} + \Delta t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0} + \Delta t</script> 这段时间内，平均速度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9bbc076bddf24ba6eb09b7349055bf99.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v = \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}}</script> <br />
对非匀速运动的质点，平均速度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3678543142db7c0f9602ceb0d4a1f62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v </script> 可以作为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5d0b62870af060acb60fad8e3840601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{t_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{t_0}</script> 时刻瞬时速度的近似值（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e082456026f1223ffe4f3eef84cf24d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\Delta t}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\Delta t}</script> 很小时）：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_23691a572ebade2d697ec2bd39ad0d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}} \approx \overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}} \approx \overline v </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a72f1304af0783657605aed0e38201a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta t</script> 越小， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3678543142db7c0f9602ceb0d4a1f62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_565bf4a7f75bf238a9e1ac5697c1b79c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}}</script> 越接近。<br />
如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3b75b5064c8fa8db8c350d93a8f420ef.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta t \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta t \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3678543142db7c0f9602ceb0d4a1f62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\overline v " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\overline v </script> 的极限存在，即：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ff3e91a116a38653b6d755e2b3064b0a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \overline v = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}} = {v_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \overline v = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{{\Delta s}}{{\Delta t}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta t \to 0} \frac{{s({t_0} + \Delta t) - s({t_0})}}{{\Delta t}} = {v_0}</script> <br />
则有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9e9f15b888530a363db1478b4116234e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}} = {v_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left. v \right|_{t = {t_0}}} = {v_0}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
2.曲线在一点处的切线斜率</p>
<p>切线：当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_64dfb59aa92c6c561f72f6381210e638.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="P' \to {P_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P' \to {P_0}</script> 时，割线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3d665f33e98fa5e9649722848a8d29f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}P'" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}P'</script> 的极限位置 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_947b6f67eddfe4b5c36f4fbe05a03b5b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}T" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}T</script> 称为曲线的切线</p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_22_2.jpg" style="width: 350px; height: 234px;" /></div>
<p>割线： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_260720ad5c140c499f34a27397419eb5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0})),P'({x_0} + \Delta x,f({x_0} + \Delta x))" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}({x_0},f({x_0})),P'({x_0} + \Delta x,f({x_0} + \Delta x))</script> <br />
割线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ef369c2df9259f36d9cedddc1415b9d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bar k = \tan {\alpha _1} = \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bar k = \tan {\alpha _1} = \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_64dfb59aa92c6c561f72f6381210e638.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="P' \to {P_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>P' \to {P_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3e032043efcae009eaad6a85db9288f3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x \to 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d3bfbbf33e6587e0bd49dfa7ab403638.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \bar k = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \bar k = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
切线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_947b6f67eddfe4b5c36f4fbe05a03b5b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{P_0}T" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{P_0}T</script> 的斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e033524b543346e39e0b4fd02644905b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="k = \tan \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \bar k = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>k = \tan \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \bar k = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 为切线的倾斜角）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
二、<span style="color:#ff0000;">导数定义</span><br />
&lt;定义1&gt; <span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e6491f52492b59b9f918df28db4ea76e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0},\delta ),\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0},\delta ),\delta > 0</script> 内有定义，当自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4942f4057e2834cce76bac31807380f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\Delta x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\Delta x}</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_48480b04f16bf8d53b575d38bf5ad7f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0} + \Delta x \in N({x_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0} + \Delta x \in N({x_0},\delta )</script> ），函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 相应的增量为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1b5a8972d8beeb87780f3151be8d1154.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})</script> ，如果极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_66f8f6e014fc80315de210990d5eac63.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> 存在，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点可导，并称此极限值为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的导数。</span><br />
记为：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6a1f15f30b52f17fd6b6a914dd399fc2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y'{|_{x = {x_0}}},\;f'({x_0}),\;{\left. {\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}} \right|_{x = {x_0}}},\;{\left. {\frac{{df(x)}}{{dx}}} \right|_{x = {x_0}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y'{|_{x = {x_0}}},\;f'({x_0}),\;{\left. {\frac{{dy}}{{dx}}} \right|_{x = {x_0}}},\;{\left. {\frac{{df(x)}}{{dx}}} \right|_{x = {x_0}}}</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8e94a156bd9027653b1c3986206b18de.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'({x_0}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
直线运动的瞬时速度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_914dd8abf19e4e34359da0c558a8e940.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="v{|_{t = {t_0}}} = s'(t){|_{t = {t_0}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>v{|_{t = {t_0}}} = s'(t){|_{t = {t_0}}}</script> <br />
曲线在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c3247b32b6d54344a0886ceed9ff2dfe.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="({x_0},f({x_0}))" /></span><script type='math/tex'>({x_0},f({x_0}))</script> 的切线斜率 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e9560aef1f92491efb46795c211d457.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="k{|_{x = {x_0}}} = f'({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>k{|_{x = {x_0}}} = f'({x_0})</script> </p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">导数定义的另一种极限形式</span>&mdash;&mdash; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的导数可以定义为：<br />
若记 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bf282102207188d31a5c0c703dfda675.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = {x_0} + \Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = {x_0} + \Delta x</script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3b727af49f7a7e379e17267453c2e1a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x = x - {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x = x - {x_0}</script> ）<br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3e032043efcae009eaad6a85db9288f3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f0d63ae9e9ea05f1bea11a21fa7a15bf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) = f(x) - f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) = f(x) - f({x_0})</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_88180cb4693318dce276ab0e6e4c887f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{x - {x_0}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{x - {x_0}}}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61b74dc3e9bb4fbc39f8d9e90b8d62e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{x_0}}</script> 点可导，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_452f7b0a943f8a05df0876eb5ba76136.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in D({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in D({x_0})</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内每一点处都可导，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内可导，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4c86c6aea1d2250aadb069284cfa3783.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in D(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in D(a,b)</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上可导，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d508e1cbab0eee970dc15901381e424b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in D(I)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in D(I)</script> <br />
若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内可导， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d7305f36c228cf57a1215d1ae9e49aee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in (a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in (a,b)</script> ，就有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_497936c7da8ea6f2bf692764f09f874f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x)</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 对应，由函数定义，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_497936c7da8ea6f2bf692764f09f874f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x)</script> 是定义在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 上的函数， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_497936c7da8ea6f2bf692764f09f874f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f'(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f'(x)</script> 称为<span style="color:#ff0000;">导函数</span>，一般还称为<span style="color:#ff0000;">导数</span>。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例1. 求函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52e6e7d7f6bd35d832ecfcb0e273497f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}</script> 的导函数（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_83e46bf9511ee036a25cd9bcff4c3888.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \ne 0</script> ）<br />
解：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52e6e7d7f6bd35d832ecfcb0e273497f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}</script> 定义域为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d8f3b883fb54134299d939cde76f0f62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2e027622a812b7c9f0f61171121bde8f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in ( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in ( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )</script> ，自变量有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f3ccf6464f88facfa062e8030572be8d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x + \Delta x \in ( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x + \Delta x \in ( - \infty ,0) \cup (0, + \infty )</script> <br />
函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52e6e7d7f6bd35d832ecfcb0e273497f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}</script> 对应的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_71a8d6419a547c27b62b630f1a5a7ea6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \frac{1}{{{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}} - \frac{1}{{{x^2}}} = \frac{{ - 2x \cdot \Delta x - {{(\Delta x)}^2}}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \frac{1}{{{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}} - \frac{1}{{{x^2}}} = \frac{{ - 2x \cdot \Delta x - {{(\Delta x)}^2}}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}}</script> <br />
作比值：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0e4a06c7c5e2c85c9402e332d804a23.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{ - 2x - \Delta x}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \frac{{ - 2x - \Delta x}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}}</script> <br />
求极限：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c36cce440ecb930ba2d92fdd28516680.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{ - 2x - \Delta x}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}} = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\Delta y}}{{\Delta x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{ - 2x - \Delta x}}{{{x^2}{{(x + \Delta x)}^2}}} = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cfb76d8d74183c2cd6ff18b40e804587.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {\frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} \right)^\prime } = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {\frac{1}{{{x^2}}}} \right)^\prime } = - \frac{2}{{{x^3}}}</script> <br />
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<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第22课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(21)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Oct 2013 15:05:16 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
四、连续函数在闭区间上的性质<br />
<span id="more-7245"></span><br />
函数在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最大、最小值定义：<br />
设函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上有定义，如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa4d656c83549658da0c479a2a009dd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0} \in I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0} \in I</script> ，使得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_efad2dee1a86fddaa1e071a8ba31a18b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in I</script> ，都有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7acfec6402e867d27716aab7b2bba111.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0}) \le f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0}) \le f(x)</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2df949f14412b517d9da79fe3788aec.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0}) \ge f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0}) \ge f(x)</script> ），则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最小值（或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最大值），记为：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_787c154a67dd4945cd915b8d6d490348.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1fef16c71ceff3439c9fcceedbc278ef.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> ）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b021/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
四、连续函数在闭区间上的性质<br />
<span id="more-7245"></span><br />
函数在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最大、最小值定义：<br />
设函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上有定义，如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa4d656c83549658da0c479a2a009dd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0} \in I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0} \in I</script> ，使得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_efad2dee1a86fddaa1e071a8ba31a18b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in I</script> ，都有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7acfec6402e867d27716aab7b2bba111.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0}) \le f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0}) \le f(x)</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2df949f14412b517d9da79fe3788aec.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0}) \ge f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0}) \ge f(x)</script> ），则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最小值（或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd7536794b63bf90eccfd37f9b147d7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="I" /></span><script type='math/tex'>I</script> 上的最大值），记为：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_787c154a67dd4945cd915b8d6d490348.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1fef16c71ceff3439c9fcceedbc278ef.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in I} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> ）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">1.最大、最小值定理</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">闭区间上的连续函数在该区间上一定有最大值和最小值，即：若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续（记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ba93de316066f816c78689ba199596e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]</script> ），则必定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0c65b83bbaf4a04c6761334cb36ecbf0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi ,\eta \in [a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi ,\eta \in [a,b]</script> ，使得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ed63fd4b0fce502c47b4c1e09e77b213.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x) = f(\xi ),\;\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x) = f(\eta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x) = f(\xi ),\;\mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x) = f(\eta )</script> <br />
即： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1cf6f3c757755764d6f9d322cad6b7e3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) \le f(x) \le f(\eta ),\;x \in [a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) \le f(x) \le f(\eta ),\;x \in [a,b]</script> </span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">注意：&ldquo;闭区间&rdquo;、&ldquo;连续&rdquo;这两个条件不可少。</span><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例如： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_54f0d4ac6307a2dfae5c80d83a39391d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \frac{1}{x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b6dbc33006b907f2db1855810abfce98.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0,1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0,1)</script> 连续，但它既无最大值，也无最小值。</p>
<p>又如：</p>
<div>
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_25026fe3ed8b0b1a942698160edb52fb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - x,}\\{1,}\\{x,}\end{array}}\right.\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 1 \le x < 0}\\{x = 0}\\{0 < x \le 1}\end{array}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - x,}\\{1,}\\{x,}\end{array}}\right.\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{ - 1 \le x < 0}\\{x = 0}\\{0 < x \le 1}\end{array}</script> <br />
	函数图像如下图所示：</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_21_1.png" style="width: 240px; height: 150px;" /></div>
<div>
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31850cc60ee37802008d73c9a46bf5ba.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[ - 1,1]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[ - 1,1]</script> 上的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点处不连续， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31850cc60ee37802008d73c9a46bf5ba.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[ - 1,1]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[ - 1,1]</script> 内无最小值。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">2.有界性定理</span><br />
	<span style="color:#0000ff;">在闭区间上连续的函数在该区间上一定有界。</span><br />
	证：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在闭区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续，由性质1（最大、最小值定理）可知：一定存在最大值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_69691c7bdcc3ce6d5d8a1361f22d04ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M</script> 和最小值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6f8f57715090da2632453988d9a1501b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_131da8bf97d400ce5fae29424c3a0764.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m \le f(x) \le M,\;x \in [a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m \le f(x) \le M,\;x \in [a,b]</script> <br />
	所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上既有上界，也有下界 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_23516d9db4aeae3cba762c49ffafade3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上有界。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">3.零值点定理</span><br />
	<span style="color:#0000ff;">使函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的函数值等于0的点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_536ad508861e1f0bb994e7bb7a149dad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0}) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0}) = 0</script> ）称为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的零值点。<br />
	设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8a17929730159dd1440a93e485de0a45.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(a)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(a)</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4895f8fcb3242a56118a273c423518a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(b)</script> 异号（即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9af489c3926bd8d511f567757e964d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(a)f(b) < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(a)f(b) < 0</script> ），则至少存在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58fb07e3d4fa708afd0734aab363fd36.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi </script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_39a97f65796c1aed15b60b62d79691f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) = 0</script> 。</span><br />
	若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续，则函数曲线 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 是连续曲线，两端点为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f8fddffdb7bfb420e8377bb6a0a5c52.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A(a,f(a)),B(b,f(b))" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A(a,f(a)),B(b,f(b))</script> 。<br />
	因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85ed469a07c532c109c4e25fd07a50e9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(a),f(b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(a),f(b)</script> 异号，点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c30b42101939c7bdf95f4c1052d615c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A,B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A,B</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 轴上、下两侧，连接 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c30b42101939c7bdf95f4c1052d615c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A,B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A,B</script> 的连续曲线必定与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 轴相交，此交点即为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的零值点。</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_21_2.jpg" style="width: 359px; height: 249px;" /></div>
<div>
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">4.介值定理</span><br />
	<span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ba93de316066f816c78689ba199596e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]</script> （即在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续），且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cedf1298553d41b9c49ed0ee27f35653.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(a) = A,f(b) = B,A \ne B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(a) = A,f(b) = B,A \ne B</script> ，则对于数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C</script> 介于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c30b42101939c7bdf95f4c1052d615c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A,B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A,B</script> 之间），则至少存在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58fb07e3d4fa708afd0734aab363fd36.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi </script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_29f2a973d769c6dc978a97a92bc065e7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) = C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) = C</script> 。</span><br />
	证：<br />
	不妨设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cf1dcfc0e950f883f12f7e5571b15104.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < B</script> ，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_affdf6358fe71fc4312ef9ee6d6bde1f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < C < B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < C < B</script> <br />
	作函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b6bcbaab6a60f78bb912a56a44a9c4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) = f(x) - C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) = f(x) - C</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续（两个连续函数的差是连续的）<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dfb6eab6c713a6776e7b72719e1154f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(a) = f(a) - C = A - C < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(a) = f(a) - C = A - C < 0</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3045f6e2e153ac5abe98c53c9bef723d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(b) = f(b) - C = B - C > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(b) = f(b) - C = B - C > 0</script> <br />
	所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3cc225a459f1b4343eca7138d0faba14.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(a),F(b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(a),F(b)</script> 异号<br />
	所以由结论3可得结论4。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">推论：</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ba93de316066f816c78689ba199596e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C\left[ {a,b} \right]</script> ，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a283470e99641f08365277e7e8e6a6c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m = \mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x),M = \mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m = \mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x),M = \mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [a,b]} f(x)</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b28e7218aa7cc5493aaf1d115a30f3c0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m < M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m < M</script> ，而数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e0b6c4264d270c0fa1a0e1fe705222d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mu :\;\;m < \mu < M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mu :\;\;m < \mu < M</script> ，则至少存在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58fb07e3d4fa708afd0734aab363fd36.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi </script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd69d754e10551bb27118001ed0b90cd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) = \mu " /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) = \mu </script> </span><br />
	证：<br />
	由性质1可知，至少存在点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aebba76d44678c32f1298e7614a9c416.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_1},{x_2} \in [a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_1},{x_2} \in [a,b]</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ef2f084063f8565c34efece93cc42dc7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_1}) = m,f({x_2}) = M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_1}) = m,f({x_2}) = M</script> <br />
	则函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8127e83094f96dcb9c1e14d94f2e7bd6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_1},{x_2}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_1},{x_2}]</script> 或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8276bf9d48218eeeecf6d78c627aeff8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_2},{x_1}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_2},{x_1}]</script> 上是连续的（注：因为不知道 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7653861794ac83a81f50875aacf900d0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_1},{x_2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_1},{x_2}</script> 谁大谁小，所以有两种情况）<br />
	在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8127e83094f96dcb9c1e14d94f2e7bd6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_1},{x_2}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_1},{x_2}]</script> 或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8276bf9d48218eeeecf6d78c627aeff8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[{x_2},{x_1}]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[{x_2},{x_1}]</script> 上利用性质4即得结论。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	例1. 设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_11ff0d76d1b2def15511f103113e86a7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C\left( {a,b} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C\left( {a,b} \right)</script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在开区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内连续）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a73e3559a3e0f5595e1271dfe89e704.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_i} \in (a,b)\;(i = 1,2, \cdots ,n)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_i} \in (a,b)\;(i = 1,2, \cdots ,n)</script> ，请证明：至少存在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5b51a2737dce752fdfbce5f47a34e5da.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi \in (a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi \in (a,b)</script> ，使得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4cbce95b4ce614a60ed160d51db523e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) = \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) = \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n}</script> <br />
	证：<br />
	令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bb63c1c01e956d28ac02dcfff06bd300.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="c = \min \{ {x_1},{x_2}, \cdots ,{x_n}\} ,\;d = \max \{ {x_1},{x_2}, \cdots ,{x_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>c = \min \{ {x_1},{x_2}, \cdots ,{x_n}\} ,\;d = \max \{ {x_1},{x_2}, \cdots ,{x_n}\} </script> <br />
	则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_634507284d01409239f5af1ad8301f06.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[c,d] \subset (a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[c,d] \subset (a,b)</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_68a8d7c606584935e8903dc9ef2c7ef6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C\left[ {c,d} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C\left[ {c,d} \right]</script> <br />
	由性质1可知，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b25e8649af05a8e9122d0e38cba3db3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m = \mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [c,d]} f(x),M = \mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [c,d]} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m = \mathop {\min }\limits_{x \in [c,d]} f(x),M = \mathop {\max }\limits_{x \in [c,d]} f(x)</script> <br />
	从而有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bdd3a4709efec600564035ec7c2db388.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m \le f({x_1}) \le M,\;m \le f({x_2}) \le M,\; \cdots ,m \le f({x_n}) \le M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m \le f({x_1}) \le M,\;m \le f({x_2}) \le M,\; \cdots ,m \le f({x_n}) \le M</script> <br />
	n个不等式相加：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_740da0b8804c87683f50b3c603eb4fdc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="nm \le f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n}) \le nM" /></span><script type='math/tex'>nm \le f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n}) \le nM</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3b73d271e6d4ccae853d9cb0c78e46d1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="m \le \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n} \le M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>m \le \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n} \le M</script> <br />
	由性质4推论即得结论成立：至少存在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d8336f9a0f306955123ff5bdd6bb6964.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi \in [c,d] \subset (a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi \in [c,d] \subset (a,b)</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4cbce95b4ce614a60ed160d51db523e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(\xi ) = \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(\xi ) = \frac{{f({x_1}) + f({x_2}) + \cdots + f({x_n})}}{n}</script> <br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第21课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(20)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 16:00:19 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7178</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（3）</span>复合函数的连续性：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e078beef3cf7dea636c31346b234af5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \varphi (x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 处连续， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e404a55453bd840344c2b5243e6a6a0e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> ，而 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa4fd61a25e52fbd108b96e116944c7c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa4eabaae6baf18cae2ecbbf1018609d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_0}</script> 点处连续，则复合函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7822133d82cb55a3d374e0ff74f3e49a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续。<br />
<span id="more-7178"></span><br />
证：<br />
要证明此结论，需要证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fa940264b377a80bd899795c37ee645.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e078beef3cf7dea636c31346b234af5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \varphi (x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续<br />
所以按定义有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6d5a71d07b2a19be228750c9c87bd954.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} u = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} u = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> <br />
在复合函数的极限中，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1dd757d028b2300d18ff4822558978a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a</script> 由前一节课定义，就是个极限值）<br />
可推出： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a83e6e67ba8fc0ff5e2f975111b78e3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]</script> <br />
（注：第一个等号是由上一节特别标记的结论①推出的，第二个等号是由前面已经推出的结论得知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7048fdc1581c4209bf67219fb76d0278.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0})</script> ）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7822133d82cb55a3d374e0ff74f3e49a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b020/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（3）</span>复合函数的连续性：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e078beef3cf7dea636c31346b234af5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \varphi (x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 处连续， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e404a55453bd840344c2b5243e6a6a0e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> ，而 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa4fd61a25e52fbd108b96e116944c7c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa4eabaae6baf18cae2ecbbf1018609d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_0}</script> 点处连续，则复合函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7822133d82cb55a3d374e0ff74f3e49a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续。<br />
<span id="more-7178"></span><br />
证：<br />
要证明此结论，需要证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fa940264b377a80bd899795c37ee645.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e078beef3cf7dea636c31346b234af5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \varphi (x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续<br />
所以按定义有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6d5a71d07b2a19be228750c9c87bd954.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} u = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} u = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> <br />
在复合函数的极限中，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1dd757d028b2300d18ff4822558978a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a = \varphi ({x_0}) = {u_0}</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a</script> 由前一节课定义，就是个极限值）<br />
可推出： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4a83e6e67ba8fc0ff5e2f975111b78e3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right] = f\left[ {\varphi ({x_0})} \right]</script> <br />
（注：第一个等号是由上一节特别标记的结论①推出的，第二个等号是由前面已经推出的结论得知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7048fdc1581c4209bf67219fb76d0278.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = \varphi ({x_0})</script> ）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7822133d82cb55a3d374e0ff74f3e49a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
3. <span style="color:#ff0000;">初等函数的连续性</span><br />
首先说明[基本初等函数]的连续性<br />
我们已经知道：三角函数、反三角函数在定义域内是连续的，那么，指数函数呢？<br />
指数函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_649504afaa6c8c7a1108094d86814359.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^x}(a > 0,a \ne 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^x}(a > 0,a \ne 1)</script> 定义域为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> ，值域为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> <br />
为了证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1885f5b10ff263ba89530d045c99e776.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^x}</script> 是连续函数，需要先证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892f53dba8dd50371032a73d737a8503.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {a^x} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {a^x} = 1</script> ，因为后面的推导会用到这个结论。<br />
假设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8336cfffc666bd5aeba6bec540fabca9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > 1,\;\forall \varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > 1,\;\forall \varepsilon > 0</script> ，为了使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1a194db7c172ebcc29fccb2d1a592ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
需要有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_06359bb167a8e28a3c1389ecba484d5a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \varepsilon < {a^x} < 1 + \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow \ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < x\ln a < \ln (1 + \varepsilon ) \Leftrightarrow \frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \varepsilon < {a^x} < 1 + \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow \ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < x\ln a < \ln (1 + \varepsilon ) \Leftrightarrow \frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}</script> <br />
不妨设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afa60659861d399405572baa961677ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \varepsilon < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \varepsilon < 1</script> <br />
则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_75659b3932ba578fa5599002b7354ef8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < 1 - {\varepsilon ^2} < 1 \Rightarrow 0 < (1 - \varepsilon )(1 + \varepsilon ) < 1 \Rightarrow \ln \left[ {(1 - \varepsilon )(1 + \varepsilon )} \right] < \ln 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < 1 - {\varepsilon ^2} < 1 \Rightarrow 0 < (1 - \varepsilon )(1 + \varepsilon ) < 1 \Rightarrow \ln \left[ {(1 - \varepsilon )(1 + \varepsilon )} \right] < \ln 1</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a7b676b0c90a1d022980d9a5c4d2914a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < - \ln (1 + \varepsilon )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < - \ln (1 + \varepsilon )</script> <br />
对任给的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afa60659861d399405572baa961677ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \varepsilon < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \varepsilon < 1</script> ，取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02506e2e0a9b066f3c264feaf76c1459.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} > 0</script> （注：这是因为分子、分母均&gt;0）<br />
则当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dcec0a58bb42210cf5d912bf754ced5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| x \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| x \right| < \delta </script> 时，有（注：这是倒推，其实是为了推出&ldquo;对任意的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c691dc52cc1ad756972d4629934d37fd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon </script> ，取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c794f9ba5c3e3d60ae072debf00135a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = </script> 某个数，均有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1a194db7c172ebcc29fccb2d1a592ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon </script> &rdquo;，所以干脆从寻找这样一个 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f10f03c9836c36537d2539196058bfa2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta </script> 开始，看能不能推出 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1a194db7c172ebcc29fccb2d1a592ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon </script> ）：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_948c54acfa29a3269e75a1742e827090.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" - \delta < x < \delta \Leftrightarrow - \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> - \delta < x < \delta \Leftrightarrow - \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}</script> <br />
则有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faf08d749ab440f89a88465fdc061064.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < - \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < - \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}</script> <br />
（注：这是因为上面推出了 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a7b676b0c90a1d022980d9a5c4d2914a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < - \ln (1 + \varepsilon )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\ln (1 - \varepsilon ) < - \ln (1 + \varepsilon )</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bd3b739464651c82335ebef500147ca7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\ln a > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\ln a > 0</script> ，故可得此结论）<br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bda73c0c6390d47d678be2b9ca1c8a1e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\ln (1 - \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} < x < \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}}</script> 可得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aba2d22bdfa67d5967deececbee39a2f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\log _a}(1 - \varepsilon ) < x < {\log _a}(1 + \varepsilon ) \Rightarrow {a^{{{\log }_a}(1 - \varepsilon )}} < {a^x} < {a^{{{\log }_a}(1 + \varepsilon )}} \Rightarrow (1 - \varepsilon ) < {a^x} < (1 + \varepsilon )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\log _a}(1 - \varepsilon ) < x < {\log _a}(1 + \varepsilon ) \Rightarrow {a^{{{\log }_a}(1 - \varepsilon )}} < {a^x} < {a^{{{\log }_a}(1 + \varepsilon )}} \Rightarrow (1 - \varepsilon ) < {a^x} < (1 + \varepsilon )</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_de5ae5c91cb64de6d028099c9ecc6313.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow - \varepsilon < {a^x} - 1 < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow - \varepsilon < {a^x} - 1 < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
证到这里，综合一下上面的结论：对任给的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afa60659861d399405572baa961677ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \varepsilon < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \varepsilon < 1</script> ，取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02506e2e0a9b066f3c264feaf76c1459.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \frac{{\ln (1 + \varepsilon )}}{{\ln a}} > 0</script> ，则当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dcec0a58bb42210cf5d912bf754ced5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| x \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| x \right| < \delta </script> 时，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1a194db7c172ebcc29fccb2d1a592ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {{a^x} - 1} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892f53dba8dd50371032a73d737a8503.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {a^x} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {a^x} = 1</script> ，这就证明了我们一开始就说要证明的一个小结论，别忘了，后面的证明会用到这个结论。<br />
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下面，才真正开始证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_945e79e40f3d7d13f2de85d9a27e1da5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内连续。先假设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faa39046b812d517775eaae19723df5a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > 1</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5f66e602358c8702661703e9e833ea91.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a < 1</script> 的情况后面会证明）：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32973eb885f75d62b22bf9b01b41eb4b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )</script> ，设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_945e79e40f3d7d13f2de85d9a27e1da5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^x}</script> 对应的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_95b75c165baaba29ba34ac001d178d93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = {a^{x + \Delta x}} - {a^x} = {a^x}({a^{\Delta x}} - 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = {a^{x + \Delta x}} - {a^x} = {a^x}({a^{\Delta x}} - 1)</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7162dcf5e5def7faaddd25842caf0ab7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {{a^x}({a^{\Delta x}} - 1)} \right] = {a^x}\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {a^{\Delta x}} - 1} \right] = {a^x} \cdot (1 - 1) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left[ {{a^x}({a^{\Delta x}} - 1)} \right] = {a^x}\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {a^{\Delta x}} - 1} \right] = {a^x} \cdot (1 - 1) = 0</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8bb911bdb85757d2823e21aa081acaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {a^{\Delta x}} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} {a^{\Delta x}} = 1</script> 是前面已经证明的结论）<br />
根据<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7083" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">连续性的定义</span></a>， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1885f5b10ff263ba89530d045c99e776.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 点处连续，至此， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_faa39046b812d517775eaae19723df5a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > 1</script> 的情况证明完毕。<br />
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下面证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5f66e602358c8702661703e9e833ea91.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a < 1</script> 的情况：<br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5f66e602358c8702661703e9e833ea91.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a < 1</script> 时，可令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d19d1b642f2d725a1ec6bb6e1417662.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="b = \frac{1}{a} > 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>b = \frac{1}{a} > 1</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61da2b79f567b0831a3a3a6de0936657.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^x} = \frac{1}{{{b^x}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^x} = \frac{1}{{{b^x}}}</script> <br />
显然 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b61a285929099943d822b2a2cac083fc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="b > 1,\;{b^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>b > 1,\;{b^x}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内连续且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1602cd973a6a815f5b3acb3937bc4f53.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{b^x} \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{b^x} \ne 0</script> <br />
由<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7136" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">连续函数商的连续性</span></a>，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61da2b79f567b0831a3a3a6de0936657.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^x} = \frac{1}{{{b^x}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^x} = \frac{1}{{{b^x}}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内连续，至此， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5f66e602358c8702661703e9e833ea91.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a < 1</script> 的情况证明完毕。<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_649504afaa6c8c7a1108094d86814359.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^x}(a > 0,a \ne 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^x}(a > 0,a \ne 1)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内连续。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
对数函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bad08e13b0f56b639e359de98a72757b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {\log _a}x(a > 0,a \ne 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {\log _a}x(a > 0,a \ne 1)</script> 看作是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1885f5b10ff263ba89530d045c99e776.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^x}</script> 的反函数，利用<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7136" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">反函数的连续性</span></a>，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eb3852bdf48aa8183ba421140f684dbb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {\log _a}x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {\log _a}x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 是连续的。</p>
<p>对幂函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ea5aaf3a0b09eac6d7646e7b649acc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {x^\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {x^\alpha }</script> ，无论 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 为何实常数，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ad41964786374e167dc78f739447585.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x > 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3cba53e635fe284ab23c6e4e805000.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x^\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x^\alpha }</script> 有定义， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ea5aaf3a0b09eac6d7646e7b649acc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {x^\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {x^\alpha }</script> 的定义域为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> <br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ea5aaf3a0b09eac6d7646e7b649acc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {x^\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {x^\alpha }</script> 取对数函数得： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b26cbbc1d20be3bf268d28ec5dbbfee1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\log _a}y = \alpha {\log _a}x \Rightarrow y = {a^{\alpha {{\log }_a}x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\log _a}y = \alpha {\log _a}x \Rightarrow y = {a^{\alpha {{\log }_a}x}}</script> <br />
这可以看成复合函数： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_03c4587599e8a58a0a66bae9e7f71b2e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^u},u = \alpha {\log _a}x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^u},u = \alpha {\log _a}x</script> （注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 为常数，且前面已经证明了 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d957a6b83aa48c41094ce8a92fc55c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\log _a}x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\log _a}x</script> 连续，故 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9dbffceadc08957d1c09240339a41f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha {\log _a}x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha {\log _a}x</script> 连续）<br />
由<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7178" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">复合函数的连续性</span></a>（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_746a653ec4252bce5e5fb85ec4b06095.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {a^u}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {a^u}</script> 以及 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6171ed26af854aa8ef4cc074e8c57a75.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \alpha {\log _a}x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \alpha {\log _a}x</script> 都是连续的），可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bddd20b04e128be5e8ec8382984cf346.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x^\alpha } = {a^{\alpha {{\log }_a}x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x^\alpha } = {a^{\alpha {{\log }_a}x}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内连续。</p>
<p>综上所述：基本初等函数在定义域内是连续的。</p>
<p>再根据<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7136" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">连续函数的和、积、商的连续性</span></a>，以及<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=7178" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">复合函数的连续性</span></a>，可知：初等函数在定义区间内处处连续。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第20课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(19)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Sep 2013 14:46:29 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7136</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
三、初等函数的连续性<br />
1.<span style="color:#ff0000;"> 连续函数的和、积、商的连续性</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（1）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">有限个在某点连续的函数的代数和仍然是在该点连续的函数</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（2）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">有限个在某点连续的函数的乘积仍然是在该点连续的函数</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（3）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">两个在某点连续的函数的商仍然是在该点连续的函数，只要分母在该点处函数值不零</span><br />
<span id="more-7136"></span><br />
现在证明（3）：<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e8cef91e684ea89b1ec089ab61aef5a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x),g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x),g(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续，则有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7c6b47aada613f3b432f828498ffb4c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0}),\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x) = g({x_0}) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0}),\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x) = g({x_0}) \ne 0</script> （分母不为0）<br />
由极限的四则运算法则可知：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_06e915f8c4727cf60e2abc8820c4d736.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x)}} = \frac{{f({x_0})}}{{g({x_0})}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x)}} = \frac{{f({x_0})}}{{g({x_0})}}</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ced72297ebe4ead2c4d66120acb286d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g({x_0}) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g({x_0}) \ne 0</script> ）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b387d46acf91eb2b2a80b91984be9946.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处是连续的。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b019/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
三、初等函数的连续性<br />
1.<span style="color:#ff0000;"> 连续函数的和、积、商的连续性</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（1）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">有限个在某点连续的函数的代数和仍然是在该点连续的函数</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（2）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">有限个在某点连续的函数的乘积仍然是在该点连续的函数</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（3）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">两个在某点连续的函数的商仍然是在该点连续的函数，只要分母在该点处函数值不零</span><br />
<span id="more-7136"></span><br />
现在证明（3）：<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e8cef91e684ea89b1ec089ab61aef5a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x),g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x),g(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续，则有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7c6b47aada613f3b432f828498ffb4c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0}),\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x) = g({x_0}) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0}),\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x) = g({x_0}) \ne 0</script> （分母不为0）<br />
由极限的四则运算法则可知：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_06e915f8c4727cf60e2abc8820c4d736.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x)}} = \frac{{f({x_0})}}{{g({x_0})}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} g(x)}} = \frac{{f({x_0})}}{{g({x_0})}}</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ced72297ebe4ead2c4d66120acb286d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g({x_0}) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g({x_0}) \ne 0</script> ）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b387d46acf91eb2b2a80b91984be9946.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处是连续的。<br />
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例1. 证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_733792ad91f9436f88ccc9bbe0f2e231.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sin x,y = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sin x,y = \cos x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内处处连续，以及 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d70d57e0b62f431158f399d48d991c64.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \tan x,y = \cot x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \tan x,y = \cot x</script> 在其定义域内连续。<br />
证：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32973eb885f75d62b22bf9b01b41eb4b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in ( - \infty , + \infty )</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2128efdf72e64db6c65cc35a3d4770ad.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \sin (x + \Delta x) - \sin x = 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \sin (x + \Delta x) - \sin x = 2\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})</script> （由三角函数的和差化积公式可得）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2fc2eec56ca8ae9c0b5a5206d376dc84.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\Delta y} \right| = 2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot \left| {\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})} \right| \le 2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot 1 \le 2 \cdot \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{2} = \left| {\Delta x} \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\Delta y} \right| = 2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot \left| {\cos (x + \frac{{\Delta x}}{2})} \right| \le 2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot 1 \le 2 \cdot \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{2} = \left| {\Delta x} \right|</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_15038d85a778c39ec1fc9d60b43469ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot 1 \le 2 \cdot \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>2\left| {\sin \frac{{\Delta x}}{2}} \right| \cdot 1 \le 2 \cdot \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{2}</script> 是由不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9d426ee09d8007eadeb44646afe45e7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\sin \alpha } \right| < \left| \alpha \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\sin \alpha } \right| < \left| \alpha \right|</script> 成立得知的）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b8280b4de8ce6c7ba6fd9626a5df346.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 \le \left| {\Delta y} \right| \le \left| {\Delta x} \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 \le \left| {\Delta y} \right| \le \left| {\Delta x} \right|</script> <br />
又由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_28b57222a4819e396baac203ae6e156e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left| {\Delta x} \right| = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left| {\Delta x} \right| = 0</script> <br />
所以由极限存在的夹挤准则，得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_64e5500a439813ac4bf65b0f5a56bb75.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left| {\Delta y} \right| = 0 \Rightarrow \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \left| {\Delta y} \right| = 0 \Rightarrow \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> <br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 的任意性，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_441bad5c5b571c78799e80e873cc5ab3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sin x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0b6f29f7312261c6da8700518a6a27e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="( - \infty , + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>( - \infty , + \infty )</script> 内处处连续。<br />
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2. <span style="color:#ff0000;">反函数与复合函数的连续性</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（1）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">如果函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8d0ef13266c575c05a784cf684cf34c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{I_x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{I_x}</script> 上单调增加（或减少）且连续，则其反函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8419c399dd7f29b5fdb54ad26f77bf8b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = \varphi (y)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = \varphi (y)</script> 也在对应区间 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_60c5d21efc4f71e959695de522bc47be.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{I_y} = \left\{ {y|y = f(x),x \in {I_x}} \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{I_y} = \left\{ {y|y = f(x),x \in {I_x}} \right\}</script> 上单调增加（或减少）且连续。</span></p>
<p>例如：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_441bad5c5b571c78799e80e873cc5ab3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sin x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5b24b2af9f55c06c75d431597177bfb8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{I_x} = \left[ { - \frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{I_x} = \left[ { - \frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right]</script> 上单调增且连续，因此其反函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_04d9d779bed06a5e77bbe14c127f8072.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \arcsin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \arcsin x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ae061176493a167d93fe73fdfe907845.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left[ { - 1,1} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left[ { - 1,1} \right]</script> 上单调增且连续。</p>
<p> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ae1c9c53a3217f895d7cce542ccd578d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \cos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \cos x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d905c64bc384d8b92acf68b568d46957.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{I_x} = \left[ {0,\pi } \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{I_x} = \left[ {0,\pi } \right]</script> 上单调减且连续，因此其反函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_609dc64f266b6b221099a48d6d1a3a93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \arccos x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \arccos x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ae061176493a167d93fe73fdfe907845.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left[ { - 1,1} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left[ { - 1,1} \right]</script> 上单调减且连续。</p>
<p> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6bc53b539245e3650a10c86edc20fb72.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \tan x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \tan x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cddf3870a1ce75d245eea7024a90a10b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left( { - \frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left( { - \frac{\pi }{2},\frac{\pi }{2}} \right)</script> 内单调增且连续，因此其反函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c09b15e9282ff17d2a69b5dda2bfccdd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \arctan x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \arctan x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02d1b219cb910094fa5f003d0173a316.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left( { - \infty , + \infty } \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left( { - \infty , + \infty } \right)</script> 内单调增且连续。</p>
<p> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_173dd4ad21518e0d8c2097391919599d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \cot x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \cot x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_648a2d874f04889169c62c623ba70d8e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left( {0,\pi } \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left( {0,\pi } \right)</script> 内单调减且连续，因此其反函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7dbee56941f7187a205911bc8b614384.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = {\mathop{\rm arc}\nolimits} \cot x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = {\mathop{\rm arc}\nolimits} \cot x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02d1b219cb910094fa5f003d0173a316.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left( { - \infty , + \infty } \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left( { - \infty , + \infty } \right)</script> 内单调减且连续。<br />
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<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（2）</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7e078beef3cf7dea636c31346b234af5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = \varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = \varphi (x)</script> 极限存在，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c827bfa8c7846363bc6bc8f1129c5a9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = a</script> ，而 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa4fd61a25e52fbd108b96e116944c7c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u)</script> 在对应点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b1a6e0e875cc2e62834c2cb3fc5f6335.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = a</script> 点处连续，则当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时，复合函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7822133d82cb55a3d374e0ff74f3e49a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right]</script> 极限存在，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_74f2dcb6010c0fd48b71c2a9c0f81bf2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a)</script> </span><br />
证：<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fa4fd61a25e52fbd108b96e116944c7c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b1a6e0e875cc2e62834c2cb3fc5f6335.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = a</script> 点连续<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_456873e45f587dbeb7f63816db699b6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall \varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall \varepsilon > 0</script> ，存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e2bebd1940efb5e6f0202d2b21d8329d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\eta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\eta > 0</script> ，使得当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6420a0653dafe7fd0ac52cc413c044e1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {u - a} \right| < \eta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {u - a} \right| < \eta </script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a</script> 的某个邻域内）时，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0da40cf5322eccb85a81207eebd4edc7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(u) - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(u) - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
又由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c827bfa8c7846363bc6bc8f1129c5a9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x) = a</script> <br />
所以对上述正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e2bebd1940efb5e6f0202d2b21d8329d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\eta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\eta > 0</script> ，存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使得满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc37bce6e65d21dc2f4bbe7b1fb396f2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aa04af8f855bafef3a1ce593101e44b2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\varphi (x) - a} \right| < \eta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\varphi (x) - a} \right| < \eta </script> <br />
综合上面的结果：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7c1dda4478afba98c7853c2bbdff766a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall \varepsilon > 0,\;\exists \delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall \varepsilon > 0,\;\exists \delta > 0</script> ，使得适合 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的函数值恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_60caf4368e23edde8b634280c0d4e610.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(u) - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(u) - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] - f(a)} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
由极限定义，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_74f2dcb6010c0fd48b71c2a9c0f81bf2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a)</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0700b9332977673d78bdd4180948a3f5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a) = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = f(a) = f\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \varphi (x)} \right]</script> </p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">上式相当于交换记号  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a4f19a921313ff95b8e7db2203f5a26.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} </script>  与  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8fa14cdd754f91cc6554c9e71929cce7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f</script> </span><br />
（<span style="background-color:#ffa500;">注：下一课会用到此结论，记为①</span>）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例如：求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_24588a3c96502d4e56612afc2e09e4c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x}</script> <br />
解：原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f5eb2b58791f93c10fd9969b338d4ef.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{x}\ln (1 + x)} \right] = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{x}\ln (1 + x)} \right] = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}}</script> </p>
<p>复合函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3ff6d094e7572380fe57c8555bf7f0d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u) = \ln u,\;\;u = \varphi (x) = {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}},\;\;f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u) = \ln u,\;\;u = \varphi (x) = {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}},\;\;f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5f7a2725605749101f29f5c107c1dbf5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \varphi (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \varphi (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = e</script> <br />
而 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_446a40c1524a151beea0ae7dbd8c6741.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(u) = \ln u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(u) = \ln u</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a5b75c09a7a28a2f6d434563d1597dd9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u = e</script> 点连续<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ddc7b820179b25ccbdd6f030549d8388.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = \ln \left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {{(1 + x)}^{\frac{1}{x}}}} \right] = \ln e = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f\left[ {\varphi (x)} \right] = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \ln {(1 + x)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = \ln \left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {{(1 + x)}^{\frac{1}{x}}}} \right] = \ln e = 1</script> <br />
即上式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fcacca1424f339192c748b8e531c8ec3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = " /></span><script type='math/tex'> = </script> 原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8931f4931d35655b4dc62107b5d39f34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x} = 1</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5b5a36fa24849d461383e8f1d08a9f20.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\ln (1 + x) \sim x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\ln (1 + x) \sim x</script> <br />
（注：由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dbc7e2d934be0acdab7fc6157dbd943d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\ln (1 + x)}}{x} = 1</script> 可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3ca11d3c40780e9edbf107c2705198ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\ln (1 + x)}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\ln (1 + x)}</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为等价无穷小）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第19课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(18)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 Sep 2013 14:54:51 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7083</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 处连续</span>的定义：<br />
<span id="more-7083"></span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2da733f3b457cdc6dd0d565833d9cba9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0})</script> 内有定义（注意：在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点也有定义）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f7e710e2f69942495652eeef25191bc3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({x_0})</script> ，如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_99423b9b2b025273f54bef7389ff92c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x = x - {x_0} \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x = x - {x_0} \to 0</script> 时，对应的函数的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fb895c1ee23db803d790a066ce820a2b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) \to 0</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续</span>。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b018/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在一点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 处连续</span>的定义：<br />
<span id="more-7083"></span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2da733f3b457cdc6dd0d565833d9cba9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0})</script> 内有定义（注意：在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点也有定义）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f7e710e2f69942495652eeef25191bc3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({x_0})</script> ，如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_99423b9b2b025273f54bef7389ff92c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x = x - {x_0} \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x = x - {x_0} \to 0</script> 时，对应的函数的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fb895c1ee23db803d790a066ce820a2b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0}) \to 0</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续</span>。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
用极限形式表示就是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_200d49b633d1b65a19f85e2249aef522.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> </p>
<p>另一种定义方式：<br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2da733f3b457cdc6dd0d565833d9cba9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0})</script> 内有定义， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f7e710e2f69942495652eeef25191bc3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({x_0})</script> ，如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea49c5080726b0db796b111e566930b3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续</span>。</p>
<p>如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内每一点处都连续，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内连续，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_08acfad228c822fafea48aa4d047ebc3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C(a,b)</script> （注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C</script> 表示连续）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 称为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 的连续区间。</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">左连续</span>、<span style="color:#ff0000;">右连续</span>的定义<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_12f18f1dbe995928202c6b808f389317.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}^ - } f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}^ - } f(x) = f({x_0})</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点<span style="color:#0000ff;">左连续</span>。<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c31d13b9bbad462b134e1524a1e1f2ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}^ + } f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}^ + } f(x) = f({x_0})</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点<span style="color:#0000ff;">右连续</span>。</p>
<p>如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d05e1f15387f87456155cd96cc06235.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(a,b)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(a,b)</script> 内连续，且在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a</script> 点处 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 右连续，在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_92eb5ffee6ae2fec3ad71c777531578f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>b</script> 点处 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 左连续，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2c3d331bc98b44e71cb2aae9edadca7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>[a,b]</script> 上连续，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_87bdee324d4032aa43527d40193e6a61.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \in C[a,b]" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \in C[a,b]</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例1. 证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ff585972afec374b9d433f362b0ec5c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt x " /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt x </script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内处处连续。<br />
证：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a92718c8225bc2e06388bfcc3c7e03df.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in (0, + \infty )</script> ，设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 有增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b56546a86ab832a9b2a5b15f96519319.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta x</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0620bbad71f81308af260e482437cbd0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x + \Delta x \in (0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x + \Delta x \in (0, + \infty )</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9d8227d129eef89a81a70ee6332620a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = \sqrt {x + \Delta x} - \sqrt x = \frac{{\left( {\sqrt {x + \Delta x} - \sqrt x } \right)\left( {\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x } \right)}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }} = \frac{{\Delta x}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = \sqrt {x + \Delta x} - \sqrt x = \frac{{\left( {\sqrt {x + \Delta x} - \sqrt x } \right)\left( {\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x } \right)}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }} = \frac{{\Delta x}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }}</script> <br />
两边取绝对值：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5edf847dfde8de540f4e7f99dee392a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\Delta y} \right| = \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }} < \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\Delta y} \right| = \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt {x + \Delta x} + \sqrt x }} < \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }}</script> <br />
即： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3bb9f0ef61d9465e95f381f0a9498de5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 \le \left| {\Delta y} \right| \le \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 \le \left| {\Delta y} \right| \le \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }}</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_521166e9955bcc2505fc696182f078ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{{\left| {\Delta x} \right|}}{{\sqrt x }} = 0</script> <br />
所以由夹挤准则得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_200d49b633d1b65a19f85e2249aef522.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\Delta x \to 0} \Delta y = 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ff585972afec374b9d433f362b0ec5c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = \sqrt x " /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = \sqrt x </script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内连续。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
二、<span style="color:#ff0000;">函数的间断点</span><br />
间断点：若函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点不连续，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 的间断点。</p>
<p>那么，什么叫&ldquo;不连续&rdquo;呢？<br />
分析：<br />
函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处连续 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4c8fd2449216bbd53f2bfb92778e4497.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Leftrightarrow \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Leftrightarrow \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = f({x_0})</script> <br />
要求：<br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（1）</span> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点有定义 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> ；<br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（2）</span> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> 存在，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_27b24d6c651ce06064d840db17254c7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0)</script> （左极限）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ccd54c1c34f160851a484b7eae711c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} + 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} + 0)</script> （右极限）都存在；<br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">（3）</span> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4273f32b5b81fa020788a2c3fee9b1e9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0) = f({x_0})</script> 。<br />
以上三个条件之一不满足的话， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 就在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点间断。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">间断点可以分为两类</span>：<br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">第一类间断点</span>：若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_27b24d6c651ce06064d840db17254c7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0)</script> （左极限）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ccd54c1c34f160851a484b7eae711c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} + 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} + 0)</script> （右极限）都存在，但 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_29464ff0fd62641645c42f323fb11b04.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0) \ne f({x_0} + 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0) \ne f({x_0} + 0)</script> ，或者 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f968a71e0ab6d575191c55d84420b32a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0) \ne f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0) \ne f({x_0})</script> ，或者 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点无定义，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的第一类间断点。</p>
<p>例如：<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6dcf256c9bfafab3449ad7c6fbb77508.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x + 1,\;x < 1}\\{{x^2},\;x \ge 1}\end{array}} \right." /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x + 1,\;x < 1}\\{{x^2},\;x \ge 1}\end{array}} \right.</script> <br />
左极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dff8058ef3478cb72798b62256052282.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(1 - 0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {1^ - }} (x + 1) = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(1 - 0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {1^ - }} (x + 1) = 2</script> <br />
右极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2f9f357548c734167c8fea0efc48fd1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(1 + 0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {1^ + }} {x^2} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(1 + 0) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {1^ + }} {x^2} = 1</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_25d67b9c8b2cf1db9a2134eb986f5980.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} f(x)</script> 不存在<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d37ffc54b67ce8de1f01efb1f2e33689.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 1</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的第一类间断点<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
又例如： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0e271d3132337e8a2c8b4b9537124ff7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(x) = \frac{{{x^2} - 1}}{{x - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(x) = \frac{{{x^2} - 1}}{{x - 1}}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a24bd4cc0198c539ea85959ad3f491b9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} g(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} - 1}}{{x - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x + 1) = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} g(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} - 1}}{{x - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x + 1) = 2</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cbe271feb1bafbf3fc4a406f4b32abe2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(1 - 0) = g(1 + 0) = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(1 - 0) = g(1 + 0) = 2</script> ，左、右极限都存在<br />
但 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84fec1e074026d6fa8e3155482c35c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d37ffc54b67ce8de1f01efb1f2e33689.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 1</script> 点无定义<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d37ffc54b67ce8de1f01efb1f2e33689.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 1</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84fec1e074026d6fa8e3155482c35c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(x)</script> 的第一类间断点<br />
若补充 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84fec1e074026d6fa8e3155482c35c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(x)</script> 定义： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1bdf09d81adf9ea60d94af8f6c73b416.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(1) = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(1) = 2</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e84fec1e074026d6fa8e3155482c35c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>g(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d37ffc54b67ce8de1f01efb1f2e33689.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 1</script> 连续。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
又例如： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7259a74c1578b46e88a9bac77c2d9359.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x\sin \frac{1}{x},\;x \ne 0}\\{1,\;x = 0}\end{array}} \right." /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}{x\sin \frac{1}{x},\;x \ne 0}\\{1,\;x = 0}\end{array}} \right.</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bd541dbfc584ac4ed91fc1865b8b685d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \varphi (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x\sin \frac{1}{x} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \varphi (x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x\sin \frac{1}{x} = 0</script> <br />
（注：由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7ac210a6bcb41aa6412ce8a9601ea3d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x = 0</script> <a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6562" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#add8e6;">可知</span></a>当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_16c49d88e855ab03913f3c661bfc17ea.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to 0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to 0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 是一个无穷小量，又因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_20186a3c33b2f62b66ef697559ae4e9f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin \frac{1}{x}</script> 是有界函数，且<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6677" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#add8e6;">有界函数与无穷小的乘积为无穷小</span></a>，故可得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a7951600f8b6eda62bf085cc026955a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x\sin \frac{1}{x} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} x\sin \frac{1}{x} = 0</script> ）<br />
上式极限为0，即左、右极限均存在<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e5791f25f01444cde26ce5367eabc7ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (0 - 0) = \varphi (0 + 0) = 0 \ne \varphi (0) = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (0 - 0) = \varphi (0 + 0) = 0 \ne \varphi (0) = 1</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc37bce6e65d21dc2f4bbe7b1fb396f2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (x)</script> 的第一类间断点<br />
若改变 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc37bce6e65d21dc2f4bbe7b1fb396f2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (x)</script> 的定义，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_248e2ed87e62cda2f79d7fc592d29d55.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (0) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (0) = 0</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc37bce6e65d21dc2f4bbe7b1fb396f2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varphi (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varphi (x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 点连续。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">在第一类间断点中，把 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f0bd6f5c9c5558949b30d112a15e0a62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0) = f({x_0} + 0)</script> （即左极限=右极限）的间断点称为可去间断点。</span></p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">第二类间断点：不是第一类间断点，就统称为第二类间断点，即左极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_27b24d6c651ce06064d840db17254c7f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} - 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} - 0)</script> 与右极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13ccd54c1c34f160851a484b7eae711c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} + 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} + 0)</script> 中，至少有一个不存在。</span></p>
<p>例如：对函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d479d855e88dd87f950a52053d2dbaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = \frac{1}{{x - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = \frac{1}{{x - 1}}</script> ，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1f677ddefab0304fec56c41eb91b1f2d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} f(x) = \infty </script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d37ffc54b67ce8de1f01efb1f2e33689.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 1</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的第二类间断点。</p>
<p>又如：对函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_26eb364e0970ad7b5d860b134a889d2e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = \sin \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = \sin \frac{1}{x}</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_39bf397efce853ca94dde0e2c3a45d5e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \sin \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \sin \frac{1}{x}</script> 不存在（讲<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6591" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color:#ffa07a;">海涅定理</span></a>的时候说过）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dad28281778d5ef4b7a78c7bc7a6b09.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = 0</script> 是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的第二类间断点。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第18课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(17)</title>
		<link>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b017/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 25 Aug 2013 05:59:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=7013</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250);"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_15965308223cf3b8f27033a04e64899b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 5" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 5</script> 无穷小量的比较</span></div>
<p>这里讨论的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_431cef7e6de4eaf4478a41cc1d58ee00.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha ,\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha ,\beta </script> 都是同一个自变量作同一变化过程中的无穷小，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 之比也是同一个变化过程中的极限。<br />
<span id="more-7013"></span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">&#60;定义&#62;</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_431cef7e6de4eaf4478a41cc1d58ee00.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha ,\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha ,\beta </script> 是两个无穷小，如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_83933572ea23b8bef527b91a8c988934.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = 0</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 是比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 高阶的无穷小，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ffbd9c033def9185cd25c1ada4213105.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta = o(\alpha )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta = o(\alpha )</script> ；<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d40774764c6820aedf16b5aa7a80da14.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \infty </script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 是比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 低阶的无穷小；<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_98b994d558e8ed951e1f69baed808bfd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = C \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = C \ne 0</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 是同阶无穷小。特例： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b0cfa41522b615f92c0360ab7b1d989e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C = 1</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 是等价无穷小，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_842773465ccb3fb4ed91debb7aa19c6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \sim \beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \sim \beta </script> 。</span><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b017/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250);"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_15965308223cf3b8f27033a04e64899b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 5" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 5</script> 无穷小量的比较</span></div>
<p>这里讨论的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_431cef7e6de4eaf4478a41cc1d58ee00.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha ,\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha ,\beta </script> 都是同一个自变量作同一变化过程中的无穷小，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 之比也是同一个变化过程中的极限。<br />
<span id="more-7013"></span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">&lt;定义&gt;</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_431cef7e6de4eaf4478a41cc1d58ee00.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha ,\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha ,\beta </script> 是两个无穷小，如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_83933572ea23b8bef527b91a8c988934.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = 0</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 是比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 高阶的无穷小，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ffbd9c033def9185cd25c1ada4213105.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta = o(\alpha )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta = o(\alpha )</script> ；<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d40774764c6820aedf16b5aa7a80da14.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \infty </script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 是比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 低阶的无穷小；<br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_98b994d558e8ed951e1f69baed808bfd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = C \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = C \ne 0</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 是同阶无穷小。特例： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b0cfa41522b615f92c0360ab7b1d989e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C = 1</script> ，就说 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_071997f13634882f823041b057f90923.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta </script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 是等价无穷小，记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_842773465ccb3fb4ed91debb7aa19c6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \sim \beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \sim \beta </script> 。</span><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例如，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9f7c62b4e6861e414e7fb530f078f119.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x,{x^2},\frac{1}{2}{x^2},1 - \cos x,\tan x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x,{x^2},\frac{1}{2}{x^2},1 - \cos x,\tan x</script> 都是无穷小。<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9a057ba3ff1bce3ee2b501308fa5ad47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{\left( {\frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)}^2}} \right] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {1^2} = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left[ {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {{\left( {\frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)}^2}} \right] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot {1^2} = \frac{1}{2}</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5093ee748406e5225f17cefcfaf92f7e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{1 - \cos x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{1 - \cos x}</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9ca004d9f09ab4e9a31a2ad0875953c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{x^2}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{x^2}}</script> 是同阶无穷小。<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2e759c71b21cb35f36a784146738f648.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{\left( {2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{x}{2}} \right)}^2}}} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)^2} = {1^2} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{\left( {2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}} \right) \cdot \frac{1}{2}{x^2}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{{{\left( {\frac{x}{2}} \right)}^2}}} = {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)^2} = {1^2} = 1</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3a7ed665f6ef29db28a4d0c3e39c76aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \cos x \sim \frac{1}{2}{x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \cos x \sim \frac{1}{2}{x^2}</script> （等价无穷小）<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e215f723ff71c1212ef2c72f62675372.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot 1 = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot 1 = 1</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afa25685b95eed012fb2566c08fda082.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\tan x \sim x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\tan x \sim x</script> （等价无穷小）<br />
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<span style="color:#ff0000;">等价无穷小代换定理</span><br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6aadc76678673d1bfc2a983a4a8d1c82.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \sim \alpha ',\;\beta \sim \beta '" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \sim \alpha ',\;\beta \sim \beta '</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_62b1e83adc9aa27aa4359287d3dee78f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}</script> 存在，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7ea39e564aa6939cb891d54cc9cba95b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha }</script> 存在，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_40dee117d68ce5801d8c0641d638946d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}</script> <br />
证：<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_be2db68f020ad7764a5063dbd409e7ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \sim \alpha '" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \sim \alpha '</script>  &nbsp;所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4d8e214e17740c9f0eb52b438af97b2e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha } = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha } = 1</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fe53fd6c67dffff01881c0c03dff8818.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta \sim \beta '" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta \sim \beta '</script>  &nbsp;所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7c92b59fd817417847d6bc8d981527a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} = 1</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4ba618d53b267e720474bf20879dd0f6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \lim \left( {\frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} \cdot \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}} \cdot \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha }} \right) = \lim \frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} \cdot \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}} \cdot \lim \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha } = \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{\beta }{\alpha } = \lim \left( {\frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} \cdot \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}} \cdot \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha }} \right) = \lim \frac{\beta }{{\beta '}} \cdot \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}} \cdot \lim \frac{{\alpha '}}{\alpha } = \lim \frac{{\beta '}}{{\alpha '}}</script> </p>
<p>例1. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9ae4675f0066dea95ddd1d44ae0b656.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2} + {x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2} + {x^3}}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cfd5ffb27cb741c869bc48c6c4a676d1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2}(1 + x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{1 + x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{x^2}}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot 1 = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2}(1 + x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{{\sin }^2}x}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{1 + x}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{{x^2}}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot 1 = 1</script> <br />
（注：由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_229b3e850cda772977f3f6a507c778b8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin x \sim x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin x \sim x</script> ，故 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9b80c4581f3cf11ad01cfd7baca8eeb5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\sin ^2}x \sim {x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\sin ^2}x \sim {x^2}</script> ；倒数第二步的分母 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a6d1dd29fe2db4d34e691d43bf93d0b4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x^2}</script> 不用等价无穷小来替换，直接写就可以了）<br />
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例2. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_144399f68ebb8cef02556d7c2e4da482.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{{\tan }^2}2x}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{{\tan }^2}2x}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
前面已经证明了 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8784eca7c038ca22b8d0e540328e2e1f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \cos x \sim \frac{{{x^2}}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \cos x \sim \frac{{{x^2}}}{2}</script> ；<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_afa25685b95eed012fb2566c08fda082.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\tan x \sim x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\tan x \sim x</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_80f27bd7f71224074e0801b8ea5e4b93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\tan 2x \sim 2x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\tan 2x \sim 2x</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02a41679fd1bba119c7e65f03a9a91ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\tan ^2}2x \sim {\left( {2x} \right)^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\tan ^2}2x \sim {\left( {2x} \right)^2}</script> <br />
所以原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f58480911aec4eba36d62ff76dfec8f6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}}{{{{\left( {2x} \right)}^2}}} = \frac{1}{8}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{1}{2}{x^2}}}{{{{\left( {2x} \right)}^2}}} = \frac{1}{8}</script> </p>
<p>例3. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_21c8518ab44b293c2ae44000af34b795.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
<span style="color:#b22222;">错误的做法</span>：原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_793e1b3c39a7e00d6f9c2ed6decf5521.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{x - x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} 0 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{x - x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} 0 = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color:#b22222;">（由于分子中有减号隔开，所以不能那样替换等价无穷小）</span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">正确的做法</span>：原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eadd5079074f57b8b7b69fabe40ee11b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin x}}{{\cos x}} - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}\cos x}}} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin x}}{{\cos x}} - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}\cos x}}} \right)</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52a4a3bb89c187bdce35f9cd2891bd83.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}</script> <br />
（注： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0262d624a33c6b3332efbb382ccdcf28.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}}} = \frac{1}{2}</script> 是因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3a7ed665f6ef29db28a4d0c3e39c76aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \cos x \sim \frac{1}{2}{x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \cos x \sim \frac{1}{2}{x^2}</script> ）<br />
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记住<span style="color:#ff0000;">一些常用的等价无穷小</span>：<br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8437bd3ba3dfa33ec63094103941b87c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u \to 0</script> 时，<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2e100598b7cf1a4d07ca419ea92e7f5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin u \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin u \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_72b034927beee7718c0780e9263cba82.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\tan u \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\tan u \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_228a6995687405479d0606a6a93284e3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\arcsin u \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\arcsin u \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c136670853f7d33c39caeac14eb162cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\arctan u \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\arctan u \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1a3ca58bc6e2a46b116402b5e1ca716e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\ln (1 + u) \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\ln (1 + u) \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a5b3655ee5f4f4f70c5b12705dfc9829.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{e^u} - 1 \sim u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{e^u} - 1 \sim u</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9bdbc63f9e5cd0f0fd567102386cd11.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \cos u \sim \frac{1}{2}{u^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \cos u \sim \frac{1}{2}{u^2}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_21dd9d4dc9d9038fd0edf73c64f46542.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sqrt {1 + u} - 1 \sim \frac{1}{2}u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sqrt {1 + u} - 1 \sim \frac{1}{2}u</script> </p>
<p>当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c423f416cebb6289030705a0441e7b80.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin {x^2} \sim {x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin {x^2} \sim {x^2}</script> 是因为可将 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a6d1dd29fe2db4d34e691d43bf93d0b4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x^2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x^2}</script> 看作 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b774effe4a349c6dd82ad4f4f21d34c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u</script> （复合函数）。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250);"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7900c918f635b56a00e0ec34940f0606.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 6" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 6</script> 连续函数</span></div>
<p>一、函数连续性定义<br />
变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b774effe4a349c6dd82ad4f4f21d34c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u</script> 的增量（或改变量） <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_30e28936956b9df43f1b5fa0742b8e83.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta u</script> ：<br />
设变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b774effe4a349c6dd82ad4f4f21d34c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u</script> 由初始值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f897dcc6cc205fdc05568e2785419fd9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1}</script> 变化到终值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_81ea33d3f517269e1b4945d6eecabc4a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_2}</script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a555cdcb6d4c7e00d22733dd72510362.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_2} - {u_1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_2} - {u_1}</script> 为变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b774effe4a349c6dd82ad4f4f21d34c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="u" /></span><script type='math/tex'>u</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f897dcc6cc205fdc05568e2785419fd9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1}</script> 处的<span style="color:#ff0000;">增量</span>（或<span style="color:#ff0000;">改变量</span>），记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_069287d4e2ff1325b0f52f746090140f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta u = {u_2} - {u_1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta u = {u_2} - {u_1}</script> </p>
<p>函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 的增量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7f5a0c1aa836580b7c14bcd90384f9c9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y</script> ：<br />
设函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2da733f3b457cdc6dd0d565833d9cba9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0})</script> 内有定义，自变量从 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 变化到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d768620a465279280e806aa4de799724.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0} + \Delta x \in N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0} + \Delta x \in N({x_0})</script> ，函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 相应地从 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_567a8c1e9d8e62b600de036f04c9059a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0})</script> 变化到 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bd2313db8c1ba427082b09c9be1f9af0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_0} + \Delta x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_0} + \Delta x)</script> ，因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd91c508f91c2c84498680bd337c1d7a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="y = f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>y = f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点处的增量为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1b5a8972d8beeb87780f3151be8d1154.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\Delta y = f({x_0} + \Delta x) - f({x_0})</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第17课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(16)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Aug 2013 14:49:44 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=6886</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
上节课已经证明了：当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61c2e36f41192089c7d3fda57f30be13.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = n\;(n \in N)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = n\;(n \in N)</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_30afad28eb3f26422b9d18746e7f2c24.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e</script> ，下面要证明当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为连续自变量时，结论仍成立。<br />
<span id="more-6886"></span><br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为连续自变量时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a1e7de72dccfe69fe17b57d96b9f4499.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x 0</script> ，讨论 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> 时的情形。<br />
对任意 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ad41964786374e167dc78f739447585.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>x 0</script> ，存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3de0243f1ea08f7b1eca156de044f3b7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n\;(n \in N)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n\;(n \in N)</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a8608cbd1367a35df7c48283a733866a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s.t.\;\;n \le x \le n + 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s.t.\;\;n</script>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b016/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
上节课已经证明了：当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61c2e36f41192089c7d3fda57f30be13.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = n\;(n \in N)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = n\;(n \in N)</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_30afad28eb3f26422b9d18746e7f2c24.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e</script> ，下面要证明当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为连续自变量时，结论仍成立。<br />
<span id="more-6886"></span><br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为连续自变量时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a1e7de72dccfe69fe17b57d96b9f4499.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x > 0</script> ，讨论 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> 时的情形。<br />
对任意 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ad41964786374e167dc78f739447585.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x > 0</script> ，存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3de0243f1ea08f7b1eca156de044f3b7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n\;(n \in N)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n\;(n \in N)</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a8608cbd1367a35df7c48283a733866a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="s.t.\;\;n \le x \le n + 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>s.t.\;\;n \le x \le n + 1</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05e439246691a7fc0604cc72c828938b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow \frac{1}{n} \ge \frac{1}{x} \ge \frac{1}{{n + 1}} \Rightarrow 1 + \frac{1}{n} \ge 1 + \frac{1}{x} \ge 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^{n + 1}} \ge {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} \ge {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow \frac{1}{n} \ge \frac{1}{x} \ge \frac{1}{{n + 1}} \Rightarrow 1 + \frac{1}{n} \ge 1 + \frac{1}{x} \ge 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^{n + 1}} \ge {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} \ge {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^n}</script> <br />
（注：注意不等式的三个指数，在上面已经推出了 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1a26c7f86ba35b866609c7b92cab9850.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n + 1 \ge x \ge n" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n + 1 \ge x \ge n</script> ，所以可以推出不等式）<br />
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其中 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2397ec8775df6456ff8852dc14c943b2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^{n + 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right) = e \cdot 1 = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^{n + 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right) = e \cdot 1 = e</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7a0409faebfb2113f71cec14d0f12e02.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^n} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)}^{n + 1}}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)}} = \frac{e}{1} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^n} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)}^{n + 1}}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)}} = \frac{e}{1} = e</script> <br />
由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f61f99b3119557680511c66c5c95f65c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \ge n" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \ge n</script> ，所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dfb0a01d57fdf430ba3a2d63b33df59b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>n \to \infty </script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> <br />
由夹挤准则可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1ef01d041a27e0876bcb1b9ef9172df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e</script> </p>
<p>上面证明了 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ad41964786374e167dc78f739447585.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x > 0</script> 的情况，下面证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ce0ab4e5b9122d17d1b9f5b3f828975e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x < 0</script> 时的情况。<br />
对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f448b44ddd85547b9876009d56d35f0b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x < 0</script> ，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bea4b0f2606f88425a3eb2eb74e06427.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = - (t + 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = - (t + 1)</script> ，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_635cb03b224e9d734179b1788ddf9df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to - \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to - \infty </script> 时，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3052ad5c7d982a695e5c69aba2c66e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>t \to + \infty </script> <br />
（注：为什么这里要取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bea4b0f2606f88425a3eb2eb74e06427.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = - (t + 1)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = - (t + 1)</script> ？就是为了下面变换时凑数用的）<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6692b0111e5f1b90687db2efbb447872.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {1 - \frac{1}{{t + 1}}} \right)^{ - (t + 1)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {\frac{t}{{t + 1}}} \right)^{ - (t + 1)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {1 - \frac{1}{{t + 1}}} \right)^{ - (t + 1)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {\frac{t}{{t + 1}}} \right)^{ - (t + 1)}}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c06923a1e4c19097888c50cfac3e324.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {\frac{{t + 1}}{t}} \right)^{t + 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)^t} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right) = e \cdot 1 = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {\frac{{t + 1}}{t}} \right)^{t + 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)^t} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to + \infty } \left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right) = e \cdot 1 = e</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c750043a4aa17cacda68046821af06c9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="+ \infty ,\; - \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>+ \infty ,\; - \infty </script> 的情况都证明了<br />
所以<span style="color:#ff0000;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1ef01d041a27e0876bcb1b9ef9172df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e</script> </span><br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">特别说明： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1671797c52e15f763380b45e841ec32.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>e</script> 是一个无理数，其值为2.71828...</span><br />
此式的另一种形式：<br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_54232d24a53a9aeff66821fcb735cfde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {\left( {1 + x} \right)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {\left( {1 + x} \right)^{\frac{1}{x}}} = e</script> </span><br />
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例1. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0557e7170703858db844fc2e832d950c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)^x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 - \frac{2}{x}} \right)^x}</script> <br />
解：<br />
把原式与重要极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1ef01d041a27e0876bcb1b9ef9172df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e</script> 比较，为了形式上能一致，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6bf3a4e28c0de713c44dc2d0122fd531.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = - 2t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = - 2t</script> ，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f4538d25d86c58bd02c9172827284bf5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>t \to \infty </script> （注：这里没写是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c75e215fca9dfc8fb1c24d7bcc2e1a58.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'> + \infty </script> ）<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a72ca9cb5095cf657d812cc76411e34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {\left[ {1 - \frac{2}{{( - 2t)}}} \right]^{ - 2t}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)^{ - 2t}} = \frac{1}{{{{\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)}^t}} \right]}^2}}} = \frac{1}{{{e^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {\left[ {1 - \frac{2}{{( - 2t)}}} \right]^{ - 2t}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)^{ - 2t}} = \frac{1}{{{{\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } {{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{t}} \right)}^t}} \right]}^2}}} = \frac{1}{{{e^2}}}</script> </p>
<p>例2. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_64cfff075d4098915f7c52b9a5c0f28c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} {\left( x \right)^{\frac{1}{{1 - x}}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} {\left( x \right)^{\frac{1}{{1 - x}}}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f74eed6f1757fbca9e2218ca74666723.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} {\left[ {1 + (x - 1)} \right]^{ - \frac{1}{{x - 1}}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} {\left[ {1 + (x - 1)} \right]^{ - \frac{1}{{x - 1}}}}</script> <span style="color:#0000ff;">（令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea58e6e8b2bbd718b8d4e7920896bced.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t = x - 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t = x - 1</script> ）</span> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7166e7681250af806f7ecc4ac9fc96d3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} {(1 + t)^{ - \frac{1}{t}}} = \frac{1}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} {{(1 + t)}^{\frac{1}{t}}}}} = \frac{1}{e}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} {(1 + t)^{ - \frac{1}{t}}} = \frac{1}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to 0} {{(1 + t)}^{\frac{1}{t}}}}} = \frac{1}{e}</script> <br />
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例3. 设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_df665e76b1d1d38e9d0dfc75cdee7fe9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > 0,\;{u_1} = \sqrt a ,\;{u_2} = \sqrt {a + \sqrt a } \;, \cdots ,\;{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} ,\; \cdots " /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > 0,\;{u_1} = \sqrt a ,\;{u_2} = \sqrt {a + \sqrt a } \;, \cdots ,\;{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} ,\; \cdots </script> <br />
（1）证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc66b3b97208ae55805c7d10605761e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}</script> 存在；（2）求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc66b3b97208ae55805c7d10605761e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}</script> <br />
（1）证：<br />
先用数学归纳法证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 单调增。<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bc299e40ffe756d31c449c55b622b2ba.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1} = \sqrt a < \sqrt {a + \sqrt a } = {u_2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1} = \sqrt a < \sqrt {a + \sqrt a } = {u_2}</script> <br />
假设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1dde55d4e3f7d93027efa8c535b48088.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{n - 1}} < {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{n - 1}} < {u_n}</script> ，则有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4c6a29720d751811bc09dcfe6dde511a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{n + 1}} - {u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_n}} - \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} = \frac{{{u_n} - {u_{n - 1}}}}{{\sqrt {a + {u_n}} + \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{n + 1}} - {u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_n}} - \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} = \frac{{{u_n} - {u_{n - 1}}}}{{\sqrt {a + {u_n}} + \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} }}</script> <br />
（注：最后一步化简的由来：分子、分母均乘以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d2efd23c5ed69fc89035961303f2c6f9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\sqrt {a + {u_n}} + \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\sqrt {a + {u_n}} + \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} }</script> 可得）<br />
因为分母为两个根式相加，为正数，并且前面已经假设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_58ca9f9a26edab010bcb5d56951f0d25.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} - {u_{n - 1}} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} - {u_{n - 1}} > 0</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_767ce24cc3692a4794b56493d2cf8bff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{n + 1}} - {u_n} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{n + 1}} - {u_n} > 0</script> （分子分母均 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b8f257a0094e39794ca73a12d4c015c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> > 0</script> ）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a5f2b4d1e278165c5d17e2735bf00841.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\}</script> 单调增<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
下面再证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 有界。<br />
现已知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_81d6d56c2602c83b723d44a6fbf1d037.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1} = \sqrt a < 1 + \sqrt a " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1} = \sqrt a < 1 + \sqrt a </script> <br />
假设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_348bf51ce4225f95e6fb1defd158aaf4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{n - 1}} < 1 + \sqrt a " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{n - 1}} < 1 + \sqrt a </script> <br />
则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2153c4b8dc0ff1a20ced250f5ab9cfc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} < \sqrt {a + 1 + \sqrt a } < \sqrt {a + 2\sqrt a + 1} = \sqrt {{{\left( {1 + \sqrt a } \right)}^2}} = 1 + \sqrt a " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} < \sqrt {a + 1 + \sqrt a } < \sqrt {a + 2\sqrt a + 1} = \sqrt {{{\left( {1 + \sqrt a } \right)}^2}} = 1 + \sqrt a </script> <br />
所以由数学归纳法可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 有界。</p>
<p>由准则2（单调数列且有界，则极限存在），可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc66b3b97208ae55805c7d10605761e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}</script> 存在。</p>
<p>（2）求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc66b3b97208ae55805c7d10605761e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}</script> <br />
已知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2b13bedd00758688a861793af80f4ab6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} = \sqrt {a + {u_{n - 1}}} </script> ，两边平方可得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aebd7e9ccb18b0ad3f7583bbe8710601.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n}^2 - {u_{n - 1}} - a = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n}^2 - {u_{n - 1}} - a = 0</script> <br />
上式两边取极限（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dfb0a01d57fdf430ba3a2d63b33df59b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>n \to \infty </script> ），令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9b5f314a73144d12be05d1e262f3bf6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n} = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n} = A</script> （极限存在，假设其为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A</script> ）<br />
则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d6a57ea817574c613ee404a56d46c52.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{A^2} - A - a = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{A^2} - A - a = 0</script> <br />
由二次方程求根公式得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d54af6c6c231f199941b3ae52104c27.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A = \frac{{1 \pm \sqrt {1 + 4a} }}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A = \frac{{1 \pm \sqrt {1 + 4a} }}{2}</script> （极限只有一个，所以只能取一个符号）<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_02e9e9c92dc5d508917f0dfd57370edc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} > 0</script> ，由函数值与极限值同号性定理，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0762b0461138381135478fe7e51fba0b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A \ge 0</script> <br />
所以取正号，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e0dc5ca81383e5e63fd4e47f5e69ef54.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\sqrt {1 + 4a} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>A = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\sqrt {1 + 4a} </script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_15965308223cf3b8f27033a04e64899b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 5" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 5</script> 无穷小量的比较</span></div>
<p>当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e95e219002746a246374790d5abecc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}(x \to \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}(x \to \infty )</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_77d1940af8f7d7569f7ccd427bf6a517.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x) \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x) \to 0</script> ，则称当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e95e219002746a246374790d5abecc5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}(x \to \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}(x \to \infty )</script> 时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 是无穷小。<br />
例如，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c0aaff95383793df68c28e9c7e99a236.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x) = x,\;\beta (x) = 3{x^2},\;\gamma (x) = \sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x) = x,\;\beta (x) = 3{x^2},\;\gamma (x) = \sin x</script> 都是无穷小。<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a757b4bbbc91b012d66f3198ccab488c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x),\beta (x),\gamma (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x),\beta (x),\gamma (x)</script> 都 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cdc670d55b4f1393a480074b00124a21.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \to 0</script> ，哪个趋于0的速度更快一些？<br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_32f23f5bc9dccbd506845bba9917e4f5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\beta (x)}}{{\alpha (x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{3{x^2}}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} 3x = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\beta (x)}}{{\alpha (x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{3{x^2}}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} 3x = 0</script> ，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9a83038adf7dee69cb4abe3bec323ae.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta (x)</script> 比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 趋于0的速度更快。<br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1edeee8023fca2b7cd7406063b5c3ad9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{\beta (x)}} = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{\beta (x)}} = \infty </script> 知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 比 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9a83038adf7dee69cb4abe3bec323ae.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta (x)</script> 趋于0的速度慢一些。<br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_91d44b376614eef37db92f891425f1a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\gamma (x)}}{{\alpha (x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\gamma (x)}}{{\alpha (x)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} = 1</script> 知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9104be3233fa02f3ac88022a53acd8cc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\gamma (x)}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\gamma (x)}</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 趋于0的速度相仿。<br />
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<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第16课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(15)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 04 Aug 2013 09:43:07 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例2. 重要极限之一：<span style="color:#ff0000;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31ce77ac0b02dd599088b154780d1ff1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1</script> </span><br />
<span id="more-6846"></span><br />
证：</p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_15_1.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 231px;" /></div>
<p>在单位圆内，设圆心角 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_39e244c75c82e47b98acd00556b26057.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\angle AOB = \alpha ,\;0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\angle AOB = \alpha ,\;0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ce0b7e93996820db81aad331fcabad47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="BC = \sin \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>BC = \sin \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aeb7edec8c686a8fcabc4b3bb379c2e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\stackrel \frown {AB} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\stackrel \frown {AB} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha </script> （弧长 = 半径&#215;圆心角）<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2a2fedcaebdb49b07ad2feec070d51c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AD = \tan \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>AD = \tan \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8cd391c2c442b499aaa37bc527b48d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bigtriangleup AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bigtriangleup AOB</script> 面积 &#60; 圆扇形 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4d1904de6c15b2cf5e4cf3236746ec8e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AOB</script> 面积 &#60;&#160; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e638f64cede981b3130e5525087eb8ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bigtriangleup AOD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bigtriangleup AOD</script> 面积<br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_74cf304bf6a795f0cf04f1999447f8dc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{2}AO \cdot BC < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot \stackrel \frown {AB} < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot AD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{2}AO \cdot BC < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot \stackrel \frown {AB} < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot AD</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_63a357299805f4ef7f61631f55fe40d2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="BC < \stackrel \frown {AB} < AD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>BC < \stackrel \frown {AB} < AD</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b64756c7ad62a1fc213e9c9c3df24b2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin \alpha < \alpha < \tan \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin \alpha < \alpha < \tan \alpha </script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0227d4a5efd601daafad6da7d02ce8cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2},\;\sin \alpha/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2},\;\sin \alpha > 0</script> <br />
所以上面的不等式同除以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9e1dafe7ade3fd2dcf1722d74498719f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin \alpha </script> 得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1f60c3d7581c8cd610078395c6144484.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 < \frac{\alpha }{{\sin \alpha }} < \frac{1}{{\cos \alpha }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 < \frac{\alpha }{{\sin \alpha }} < \frac{1}{{\cos \alpha }}</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7aefd058698693cf64f2b0107decc937.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1/> \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } \cos \alpha " /</span><script type='math/tex'>1 \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } \cos \alpha </script> <br />
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例2. 重要极限之一：<span style="color:#ff0000;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31ce77ac0b02dd599088b154780d1ff1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1</script> </span><br />
<span id="more-6846"></span><br />
证：</p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_15_1.jpg" style="width: 200px; height: 231px;" /></div>
<p>在单位圆内，设圆心角 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_39e244c75c82e47b98acd00556b26057.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\angle AOB = \alpha ,\;0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\angle AOB = \alpha ,\;0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ce0b7e93996820db81aad331fcabad47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="BC = \sin \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>BC = \sin \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_aeb7edec8c686a8fcabc4b3bb379c2e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\stackrel \frown {AB} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\stackrel \frown {AB} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha </script> （弧长 = 半径&times;圆心角）<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2a2fedcaebdb49b07ad2feec070d51c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AD = \tan \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>AD = \tan \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8cd391c2c442b499aaa37bc527b48d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bigtriangleup AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bigtriangleup AOB</script> 面积 &lt; 圆扇形 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4d1904de6c15b2cf5e4cf3236746ec8e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AOB</script> 面积 &lt;&nbsp; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e638f64cede981b3130e5525087eb8ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bigtriangleup AOD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bigtriangleup AOD</script> 面积<br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_74cf304bf6a795f0cf04f1999447f8dc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{2}AO \cdot BC < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot \stackrel \frown {AB} < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot AD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{2}AO \cdot BC < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot \stackrel \frown {AB} < \frac{1}{2}AO \cdot AD</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_63a357299805f4ef7f61631f55fe40d2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="BC < \stackrel \frown {AB} < AD" /></span><script type='math/tex'>BC < \stackrel \frown {AB} < AD</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b64756c7ad62a1fc213e9c9c3df24b2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin \alpha < \alpha < \tan \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin \alpha < \alpha < \tan \alpha </script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0227d4a5efd601daafad6da7d02ce8cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2},\;\sin \alpha > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2},\;\sin \alpha > 0</script> <br />
所以上面的不等式同除以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9e1dafe7ade3fd2dcf1722d74498719f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sin \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sin \alpha </script> 得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1f60c3d7581c8cd610078395c6144484.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 < \frac{\alpha }{{\sin \alpha }} < \frac{1}{{\cos \alpha }}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 < \frac{\alpha }{{\sin \alpha }} < \frac{1}{{\cos \alpha }}</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7aefd058698693cf64f2b0107decc937.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 > \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } > \cos \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 > \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } > \cos \alpha </script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_17aa56d15e005b6d7d4443e40eeb0930.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" - \frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> - \frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha < 0</script> ，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_20b65ae608753aae5cda7e6ee881770c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t = - \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>t = - \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cb208006081346eb2549f39dde18abb0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\cos \alpha = \cos ( - t) = \cos t" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\cos \alpha = \cos ( - t) = \cos t</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f5c79e5878f46ce30082b1917ef8698b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = \frac{{\sin ( - t)}}{{ - t}} = \frac{{ - \sin t}}{{ - t}} = \frac{{\sin t}}{t}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = \frac{{\sin ( - t)}}{{ - t}} = \frac{{ - \sin t}}{{ - t}} = \frac{{\sin t}}{t}</script> <br />
所以上面的不等式对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7f54bc2116eb53e3231634d008c92d90.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha > 0</script> 和 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6e5fb972157cbcef8dd454de5c9a5003.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha < 0</script> 都正确<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0303f7821f67dbc841ac3c1f44fe2a34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} 1 = 1,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} 1 = 1,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1</script> <br />
所以根据夹挤准则，得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31ce77ac0b02dd599088b154780d1ff1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha }}{\alpha } = 1</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例1. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_92753c3a6eee7e5efa51e406c0876027.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\sin \beta x}}\;\;(\alpha \ne 0,\;\beta \ne 0)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\sin \beta x}}\;\;(\alpha \ne 0,\;\beta \ne 0)</script> ，其中 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_431cef7e6de4eaf4478a41cc1d58ee00.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha ,\beta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha ,\beta </script> 均为常数。<br />
解：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_61ca1ad984b7384b3ad52a9af7a420db.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\alpha x}}}}{{\frac{{\sin \beta x}}{{\beta x}}}} \cdot \frac{{\alpha x}}{{\beta x}}} \right) = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\alpha x}}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \beta x}}{{\beta x}}}} \cdot \frac{\alpha }{\beta } = \frac{1}{1} \cdot \frac{\alpha }{\beta } = \frac{\alpha }{\beta }" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\alpha x}}}}{{\frac{{\sin \beta x}}{{\beta x}}}} \cdot \frac{{\alpha x}}{{\beta x}}} \right) = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \alpha x}}{{\alpha x}}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin \beta x}}{{\beta x}}}} \cdot \frac{\alpha }{\beta } = \frac{1}{1} \cdot \frac{\alpha }{\beta } = \frac{\alpha }{\beta }</script> </p>
<p>例2. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_569104d7e2b9b74841e2d543606ace59.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} " /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} </script> <br />
解：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c4386c9966c2b0e43a00065ac471ce82.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin 2x}}{{\cos 2x}}}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin 2x}}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{{\cos 2x}}} \right) = 2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin 2x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos 2x}} = 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin 2x}}{{\cos 2x}}}}{x} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin 2x}}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{{\cos 2x}}} \right) = 2\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin 2x}}{x} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos 2x}} = 2 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = 2</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例3. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_21c8518ab44b293c2ae44000af34b795.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\tan x - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_68726ab695726609cfca350751538092.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin x}}{{\cos x}} - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}\cos x}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\cos x}}} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\frac{{\sin x}}{{\cos x}} - \sin x}}{{{x^3}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{1 - \cos x}}{{{x^2}\cos x}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \left( {\frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{{2{{\sin }^2}\frac{x}{2}}}{{{x^2}}} \cdot \frac{1}{{\cos x}}} \right)</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f0357ae7dbb472164887e5a4d68f49e0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {\left( {\frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)^2} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot \left( {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {1^2}} \right) \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{{\sin x}}{x} \cdot \frac{1}{2}\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} {\left( {\frac{{\sin \frac{x}{2}}}{{\frac{x}{2}}}} \right)^2} \cdot \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} \frac{1}{{\cos x}} = 1 \cdot \left( {\frac{1}{2} \cdot {1^2}} \right) \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">二、准则2 单调有界准则</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">如果数列 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2a5560afab37e7259bc151d1833a6c5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1} \le {u_2} \le {u_3} \le \cdots \le {u_n} \le \cdots " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1} \le {u_2} \le {u_3} \le \cdots \le {u_n} \le \cdots </script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 为单调增数列。<br />
若其满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1dd65223496ee989fe390c8f440985c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_1} \ge {u_2} \ge {u_3} \ge \cdots \ge {u_n} \ge \cdots " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_1} \ge {u_2} \ge {u_3} \ge \cdots \ge {u_n} \ge \cdots </script> ，则称 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 为单调减数列。<br />
极限存在的单调有界准则就是：若单调数列 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 是有界的，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc66b3b97208ae55805c7d10605761e4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n}</script> 存在。</span></p>
<p>例1. 重要极限之二：<span style="color:#ff0000;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1ef01d041a27e0876bcb1b9ef9172df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e</script> </span><br />
证：<br />
先证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05722f9ff185b2ddae215633993245cd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x = n,\;n \in N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x = n,\;n \in N</script> ，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b8b965ad4bca0e41ab51de7b31363a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n</script> 为正整数的情况。<br />
通项 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_667bc310774a1cdaccec85c2b520b908.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} = {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} = {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n}</script> ，要证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d81f7a4fd6cdb95a6172eaaa981b2fd2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\{ {u_n}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\{ {u_n}\} </script> 单调增且有界。<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a06bd3d4268ef586843e47b39bdda17c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > b > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > b > 0</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b345e1dc09f20fdefdea469f09167892.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a,b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a,b</script> 为实数）<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dec1533a3a206412effabe8fde3a3354.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^{n + 1}} - {b^{n + 1}} = (a - b)({a^n} + {a^{n - 1}}b + {a^{n - 2}}{b^2} + \cdots + {b^n})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^{n + 1}} - {b^{n + 1}} = (a - b)({a^n} + {a^{n - 1}}b + {a^{n - 2}}{b^2} + \cdots + {b^n})</script> <span style="color:#0000ff;">（中学因式分解知识）</span><br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8f99a1bfa390944013f911b1cf6beab4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" < (a - b)({a^n} + {a^{n - 1}}a + {a^{n - 2}}{a^2} + \cdots + {a^n})" /></span><script type='math/tex'> < (a - b)({a^n} + {a^{n - 1}}a + {a^{n - 2}}{a^2} + \cdots + {a^n})</script> <span style="color:#0000ff;">（把上个式子中的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_92eb5ffee6ae2fec3ad71c777531578f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>b</script> 换成 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a</script> ，由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0ca621e8c785248025ff17726c82376a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > b</script> 可得此不等式）</span><br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7bd2bbc657d1334193a33d6787b541c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = (a - b)({a^n} + {a^n} + {a^n} + \cdots + {a^n})" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = (a - b)({a^n} + {a^n} + {a^n} + \cdots + {a^n})</script> <span style="color:#0000ff;">（共 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_488968c8363007fe20e033f70ad0b931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n + 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n + 1</script> 个 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_36863b87f674b61c677df49b81b7adf1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{a^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{a^n}</script> ）</span><br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_797659e6ce48e15007c47376cc85d9ae.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = (a - b)(n + 1){a^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = (a - b)(n + 1){a^n}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d0620bab7ff7c748b46460c58c3f2ea6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow {a^n}\left[ {(n + 1)b - na} \right] < {b^{n + 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow {a^n}\left[ {(n + 1)b - na} \right] < {b^{n + 1}}</script> <br />
取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_152001575e99e1d364d8465758b4c41d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a = 1 + \frac{1}{n},\;b = 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a = 1 + \frac{1}{n},\;b = 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b345e1dc09f20fdefdea469f09167892.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a,b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a,b</script> 的取值满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a06bd3d4268ef586843e47b39bdda17c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > b > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > b > 0</script> <br />
把 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_152001575e99e1d364d8465758b4c41d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a = 1 + \frac{1}{n},\;b = 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a = 1 + \frac{1}{n},\;b = 1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}</script> 代入上面推导出的不等式，得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_019921dafcb8ff56fe50e7a8821fceb7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n}\left[ {\left( {n + 1} \right)\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right) - n\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)} \right] < {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^{n + 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n}\left[ {\left( {n + 1} \right)\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right) - n\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)} \right] < {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^{n + 1}}</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e246c7d3656ba885314e403de4e1e8f8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} \cdot 1 < {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {u_n} < {u_{n + 1}}\;(n = 1,2, \cdots )" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} \cdot 1 < {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{n + 1}}} \right)^{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {u_n} < {u_{n + 1}}\;(n = 1,2, \cdots )</script> <br />
这说明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9c40fd5af431498ad7ba35e4e0e108c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n}</script> 是单调增数列。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
再设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b664c73e5abdd77b8641a4eceead8b8b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a = 1 + \frac{1}{{2n}},\;b = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a = 1 + \frac{1}{{2n}},\;b = 1</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b345e1dc09f20fdefdea469f09167892.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a,b" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a,b</script> 的取值满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a06bd3d4268ef586843e47b39bdda17c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="a > b > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>a > b > 0</script> 。代入上面推导出的不等式：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c0b565029bad523cbc20a8a2ba2e7794.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^n}\left[ {(n + 1) \cdot 1 - n\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)} \right] < {1^{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^n} < 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^n}\left[ {(n + 1) \cdot 1 - n\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)} \right] < {1^{n + 1}} \Rightarrow {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^n} < 2</script> <br />
两边都是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_39854e88f14df92151bb92c3f183b6bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" > 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'> > 1</script> 的数，故两边平方，得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3dd09856663ed45d0a75028294b9e48b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^{2n}} < 4" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\left( {1 + \frac{1}{{2n}}} \right)^{2n}} < 4</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_165849a5719b223c38d03529597569d5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{2n}} < 4" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{2n}} < 4</script> <br />
又由前面已经证明的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9c40fd5af431498ad7ba35e4e0e108c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n}</script> 是单调增数列，可知：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7cfa225765c8b6c20d9f6162549e1cf0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_{2n - 1}} < {u_{2n}} < 4" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_{2n - 1}} < {u_{2n}} < 4</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ee43eb1efee4917e6d1f48036d96c9db.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n} < 4\;(n = 1,2, \cdots )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n} < 4\;(n = 1,2, \cdots )</script> ，也即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9c40fd5af431498ad7ba35e4e0e108c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n}</script> 有界。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9c40fd5af431498ad7ba35e4e0e108c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{u_n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{u_n}</script> 单调增且有界<br />
所以根据准则2， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_330e0a44462afb24920d34c1a25904be.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {u_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{n}} \right)^n} = e</script> <br />
<span style="color:#b22222;">（注：看到这里，有人可能会有疑问：上面折腾了那么多，无非就是证明了极限是存在的，但是并没有证明这个极限的值是什么啊！你怎么知道它是等于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1671797c52e15f763380b45e841ec32.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>e</script> 的呢？没错，这里根本就是&ldquo;把这个极限值记为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1671797c52e15f763380b45e841ec32.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>e</script> &rdquo;，而不是知道了这个值具体等于多少，所以不要觉得奇怪）</span></p>
<p>上面成功地证明了当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 为正整数时的情况，下一节课将证明当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 是连续自变量时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1ef01d041a27e0876bcb1b9ef9172df1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } {\left( {1 + \frac{1}{x}} \right)^x} = e</script> 也成立。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第15课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(14)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 28 Jul 2013 13:43:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=6772</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例3. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eb4512027935564284682ccab77c7a98.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}</script> <br />
<span id="more-6772"></span><br />
解：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cb4b2c701eac372817657260f9c0e600.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ce4100b1ce7af0ef5de30b606a64c9d2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1) = {\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x} \right]^2} + 1 = 2 \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1) = {\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x} \right]^2} + 1 = 2 \ne 0</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b259a0216696b0f6aceb765e9b589385.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} + 1}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1)}} = \frac{0}{2} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} + 1}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1)}} = \frac{0}{2} = 0</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_767674860edfd420f1b9a74dd8af88c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 1</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_674683f02ef03282294959a3bdbc9ec1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}}</script> 是无穷小<br />
由无穷小与无穷大的关系（无穷小的倒数是无穷大），可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_058ce098da56f08c14adcaab7517beee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}} = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}} = \infty </script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b014/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
例3. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eb4512027935564284682ccab77c7a98.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}</script> <br />
<span id="more-6772"></span><br />
解：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cb4b2c701eac372817657260f9c0e600.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ce4100b1ce7af0ef5de30b606a64c9d2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1) = {\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x} \right]^2} + 1 = 2 \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1) = {\left[ {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} x} \right]^2} + 1 = 2 \ne 0</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b259a0216696b0f6aceb765e9b589385.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} + 1}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1)}} = \frac{0}{2} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} + 1}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} (x - 1)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} ({x^2} + 1)}} = \frac{0}{2} = 0</script> <br />
所以当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_767674860edfd420f1b9a74dd8af88c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 1</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_674683f02ef03282294959a3bdbc9ec1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{\frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}}}}</script> 是无穷小<br />
由无穷小与无穷大的关系（无穷小的倒数是无穷大），可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_058ce098da56f08c14adcaab7517beee.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}} = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{{x^2} + 1}}{{x - 1}} = \infty </script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例4. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d7055a0e22b5c5a6be06ca13ae16d25e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \left( {\frac{1}{{x - 1}} - \frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}}} \right)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \left( {\frac{1}{{x - 1}} - \frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}}} \right)</script> <br />
解：<br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_767674860edfd420f1b9a74dd8af88c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 1</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9994cb568b2a24239017e399c78a4e8f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{x - 1}} \to \infty ,\;\frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}} \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{x - 1}} \to \infty ,\;\frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}} \to \infty </script> <br />
所以不能直接用极限的四则运算公式来计算。<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dcee537ab44f743f28682c74fd05b2cc.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \left( {\frac{1}{{x - 1}} - \frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x + 1 - 2}}{{{x^2} - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{(x - 1)(x + 1)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{x + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \left( {\frac{1}{{x - 1}} - \frac{2}{{{x^2} - 1}}} \right) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x + 1 - 2}}{{{x^2} - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{{x^2} - 1}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{{x - 1}}{{(x - 1)(x + 1)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 1} \frac{1}{{x + 1}} = \frac{1}{2}</script> </p>
<p>例5. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8f6ca0208b5c6df8e4010d5fc669c3b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{{2{x^2} + 5x + 1}}{{{x^2} - 4x - 8}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{{2{x^2} + 5x + 1}}{{{x^2} - 4x - 8}}</script> <br />
解：<br />
分子、分母同时除以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9ca004d9f09ab4e9a31a2ad0875953c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{{x^2}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{{x^2}}</script> （选分子多项式及分母多项式中最高的次数），得：<br />
原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_40f762e26837baeeb0070a6581cc0c31.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{{2 + \frac{5}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}}{{1 - \frac{4}{x} - \frac{8}{{{x^2}}}}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } 2 + 5\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x} + {{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x}} \right)}^2}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } 1 - 4\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x} - 8{{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x}} \right)}^2}}} = \frac{{2 + 0 + 0}}{{1 - 0 - 0}} = 2" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{{2 + \frac{5}{x} + \frac{1}{{{x^2}}}}}{{1 - \frac{4}{x} - \frac{8}{{{x^2}}}}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } 2 + 5\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x} + {{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x}} \right)}^2}}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } 1 - 4\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x} - 8{{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \frac{1}{x}} \right)}^2}}} = \frac{{2 + 0 + 0}}{{1 - 0 - 0}} = 2</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c58bf34e77f50ffc775182adffac750c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 4" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 4</script>  极限存在准则，两个重要极限</span></div>
<p><span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">一、准则1：夹挤准则</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">若在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e03616119a20857a7143153e8f2ec05e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0},{\delta _0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0},{\delta _0})</script> 内（ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2d0fe4a045e7a89199137d8747d47188.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _0} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _0} > 0</script> ），有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0b5f24bd26c31c1f9a758fe7f2803b94.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x)</script> 成立，而且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d3f90b218643e23014ed96a1b228ace.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} G(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} G(x) = A</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> )存在，且极限值为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A</script> 。以上结论对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> 也成立</span>。<br />
证：<br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c28283ee8e5b2cc9dcecc3558445409.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = A</script> <br />
所以对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_456873e45f587dbeb7f63816db699b6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall \varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall \varepsilon > 0</script> ，必 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c073cc86245aa4908a23b17ee0a7b1e8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\exists {\delta _1} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\exists {\delta _1} > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd722049f2aa19727d89c48c593b1131.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d76f2c4d6bdf142af5106c3f36e9e970.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_38c5730494200c27a565fc9a8bea4ac9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {F(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {F(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> </p>
<p>因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3424f5b6a6d401a85e7f905f5765239d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} G(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} G(x) = A</script> <br />
所以对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_456873e45f587dbeb7f63816db699b6d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall \varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall \varepsilon > 0</script> ，必 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f0df970ddcd8443b9b8d2cffe1244388.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\exists {\delta _2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\exists {\delta _2} > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d28934253d92cfe5b382a9835480ad06.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5d09697085e8b2d48446837da84789a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="G(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>G(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b49a158ce809387b70d13a12922065a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {G(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {G(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
现取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b2724c1a9a8b79d331103b3d41af9aa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _0},{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _0},{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\}</script> ，则适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a83a46ab0346c1d84f44d961f1486529.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x),f(x),G(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x),f(x),G(x)</script> 都满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0b5f24bd26c31c1f9a758fe7f2803b94.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x)</script> <br />
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由上面推导出来的：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_133ab2cb31e30f56a98ddf6c912f3328.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {F(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow A - \varepsilon < F(x) < A + \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {F(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow A - \varepsilon < F(x) < A + \varepsilon </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d5772e25cd3df380bcc1c38a8c3e4f67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {G(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow A - \varepsilon < G(x) < A + \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {G(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow A - \varepsilon < G(x) < A + \varepsilon </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_358fb6b5d57b2415193d4929459994fd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow A - \varepsilon < F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x) < A + \varepsilon \Rightarrow A - \varepsilon < f(x) < A + \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow A - \varepsilon < F(x) \le f(x) \le G(x) < A + \varepsilon \Rightarrow A - \varepsilon < f(x) < A + \varepsilon \Leftrightarrow \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
根据极限定义，有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> </p>
<p>例1. 证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_49c98d2612b43d0a0cf972244323e946.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1</script> <br />
证：<br />
利用单位圆来找不等式（夹挤准则）两端的函数（如下图所示）。</p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<img decoding="async" alt="" src="http://www.codelast.com/wp-content/uploads/ckfinder/images/higher_mathematics_note_14_1.png" style="width: 260px; height: 241px;" /></div>
<p>先证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f6b85291e4a4454e529a2c5a695e2d4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0</script> <br />
作单位圆（圆心在原点 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f186217753c37b9b9f958d906208506e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="O" /></span><script type='math/tex'>O</script> ）<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c956b128413d708c1d03b3e3030f1624.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi }{2}</script> （角度用弧度来表示）<br />
圆心角 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bccfc7022dfb945174d9bcebad2297bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha </script> 对应的圆弧长度 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1a5184ff3bd44448f9e84a3c91e9b535.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\stackrel \frown {AD} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\stackrel \frown {AD} = 1 \cdot \alpha = \alpha </script> （圆弧长度=半径&times;角的弧度）<br />
由直角三角形 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4d1904de6c15b2cf5e4cf3236746ec8e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>AOB</script> 可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7fe4d6228a5ae0b77ef218a6a7e07988.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{AB}}{{AO}} = \frac{{AB}}{1} = AB = \sin \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{AB}}{{AO}} = \frac{{AB}}{1} = AB = \sin \alpha </script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5fd96b786659792f3fbb01d8046070e0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < AB < \stackrel \frown {AD}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < AB < \stackrel \frown {AD}</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8f821ba32b2fdb7e9bf402c5dd665c20.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \sin \alpha < \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \sin \alpha < \alpha </script> <br />
又因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6ec50f2fd4edbc855e4233ed0fc25101.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} 0 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} 0 = 0</script> （常数的极限为0）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b95fb15d55095b14e993ea86858138cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \alpha = 0</script> <br />
所以根据夹挤准则可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ecc53b10a1acb8209d68e9cf14278ce5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \sin \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \sin \alpha = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
以上求出了右极限，下面求左极限。<br />
若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_17aa56d15e005b6d7d4443e40eeb0930.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" - \frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'> - \frac{\pi }{2} < \alpha < 0</script> ，令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_20b65ae608753aae5cda7e6ee881770c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t = - \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>t = - \alpha </script> <br />
当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_de4101ebab7ab69131775de66955eb6b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha \to {0^ - }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha \to {0^ - }</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1b4d4e63c8b8bfc31af9b12aed0eb8c8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="t \to {0^ + }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>t \to {0^ + }</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0cc1feaa4b7eb1165dea2449da381a2b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ - }} \sin \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to {0^ + }} \sin ( - t) = - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to {0^ + }} \sin t = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ - }} \sin \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to {0^ + }} \sin ( - t) = - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to {0^ + }} \sin t = 0</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_898dba0b1e70aff0657d1d4545c34206.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \sin \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ - }} \sin \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ + }} \sin \alpha = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to {0^ - }} \sin \alpha = 0</script> （左、右极限均存在且相等）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f6b85291e4a4454e529a2c5a695e2d4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
再证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_87375fb886faf0d26736ce3397bc4ded.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 0</script> <br />
在直角 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8cd391c2c442b499aaa37bc527b48d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\bigtriangleup AOB" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\bigtriangleup AOB</script> 中， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e4b86f63dd3aaefb5bc6aa815316a680.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="OA - AB < OB < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>OA - AB < OB < 1</script> （三角形两边之差小于第三边）<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_388f5a543eedd5daa5b2079a5eedccc8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - AB < OB < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - AB < OB < 1</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a9a78593286ee17d7089a8e448bb69ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="AB = \sin \alpha ,\;OB = \cos \alpha " /></span><script type='math/tex'>AB = \sin \alpha ,\;OB = \cos \alpha </script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f6ad7c7b817f2d27480de61273571b84.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="1 - \sin \alpha < \cos \alpha < 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>1 - \sin \alpha < \cos \alpha < 1</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4319521ac8d044ee469f6f24f6b8b1a8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} (1 - \sin \alpha ) = 1 - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 1 - 0 = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} (1 - \sin \alpha ) = 1 - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \sin \alpha = 1 - 0 = 1</script> <br />
由夹挤准则可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c3491097e0faf262ef7386a14e8bd6c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} \cos \alpha = 1</script> <br />
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<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第14课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(13)</title>
		<link>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b013/</link>
					<comments>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b013/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Jul 2013 12:36:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=6731</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
四、极限的四则运算公式<br />
以下公式中，自变量都是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> ，或者都是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> <br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6ec952128478d8a795a06e2a03a58004.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B</script> ，则有：<br />
<span id="more-6731"></span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">1.&#160; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_432c91ff33def1c3501991f67ce62677.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {f(x) \pm g(x)} \right] = A \pm B = \lim f(x) \pm \lim g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {f(x) \pm g(x)} \right] = A \pm B = \lim f(x) \pm \lim g(x)</script> </span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">2.&#160;</span>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b013/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
四、极限的四则运算公式<br />
以下公式中，自变量都是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> ，或者都是 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> <br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6ec952128478d8a795a06e2a03a58004.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B</script> ，则有：<br />
<span id="more-6731"></span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">1.&nbsp; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_432c91ff33def1c3501991f67ce62677.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {f(x) \pm g(x)} \right] = A \pm B = \lim f(x) \pm \lim g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {f(x) \pm g(x)} \right] = A \pm B = \lim f(x) \pm \lim g(x)</script> </span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">2.&nbsp; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b2040b8d19d55809ce43688788aa35f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {f(x)g(x)} \right] = AB = \lim f(x)\lim g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {f(x)g(x)} \right] = AB = \lim f(x)\lim g(x)</script> </span><br />
若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C</script> 是常数，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2f9222ab2d95edc50e47a1cb4910cfa1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {Cf(x)} \right] = CA = C\lim f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {Cf(x)} \right] = CA = C\lim f(x)</script> <br />
若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b8b965ad4bca0e41ab51de7b31363a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n</script> 是正整数， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_674acaa28a856c4c2e1e6e6b51fad563.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim {\left[ {f(x)} \right]^n} = \lim \left[ {f(x) \cdot f(x) \cdots f(x)} \right] = {A^n} = {\left[ {\lim f(x)} \right]^n}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim {\left[ {f(x)} \right]^n} = \lim \left[ {f(x) \cdot f(x) \cdots f(x)} \right] = {A^n} = {\left[ {\lim f(x)} \right]^n}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
证明：<br />
由函数极限与无穷小的关系：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_208d3db62a8cccfd286807848ddeb804.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim f(x) = A \Leftrightarrow f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\lim \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim f(x) = A \Leftrightarrow f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\lim \alpha (x) = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b90a2b0ff5526c60d5375785be4f082c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim g(x) = B \Leftrightarrow g(x) = B + \beta (x),\;\lim \beta (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim g(x) = B \Leftrightarrow g(x) = B + \beta (x),\;\lim \beta (x) = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e1727576d57c118b2960ae29a586277e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)g(x) = \left[ {A + \alpha (x)} \right]\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right] = AB + \left[ {A\beta (x) + B\alpha (x) + \alpha (x)\beta (x)} \right] = AB + \gamma (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)g(x) = \left[ {A + \alpha (x)} \right]\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right] = AB + \left[ {A\beta (x) + B\alpha (x) + \alpha (x)\beta (x)} \right] = AB + \gamma (x)</script> <br />
其中&nbsp; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c17b3239502fc7658b0d81513b4ea1cd.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\gamma (x) = A\beta (x) + B\alpha (x) + \alpha (x)\beta (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\gamma (x) = A\beta (x) + B\alpha (x) + \alpha (x)\beta (x)</script> <br />
由无穷小的性质，可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d00aa485becaf25ba1a3fb3b2076b32a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\gamma (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\gamma (x)</script> 是无穷小，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c9c0999be563075653c11f148d4823cf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)g(x) = AB + \gamma (x),\;\lim \gamma (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)g(x) = AB + \gamma (x),\;\lim \gamma (x) = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f79a1659cb0afd49728d080b765cf432.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {f(x)g(x)} \right] = AB = \lim f(x) \cdot \lim g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {f(x)g(x)} \right] = AB = \lim f(x) \cdot \lim g(x)</script> <br />
证毕。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">3. 若 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c3b89cf857351b9ea8f225c16c5f2210.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B \ne 0</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_37708ff5aebe146c41c2e2bb32787454.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{\lim f(x)}}{{\lim g(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{\lim f(x)}}{{\lim g(x)}}</script> </span><br />
证：</p>
<div>
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9c5725529df09f4c8b4902c9baf85d89.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} - \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{A + \alpha (x)}}{{B + \beta (x)}} - \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)}}{{B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right]}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} - \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{A + \alpha (x)}}{{B + \beta (x)}} - \frac{A}{B} = \frac{{B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)}}{{B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right]}}</script> <br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_13e6282ca7970563c48c980137e2f482.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{A}{B} + \gamma (x),\;\gamma (x) = \frac{{B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)}}{{B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right]}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{f(x)}}{{g(x)}} = \frac{A}{B} + \gamma (x),\;\gamma (x) = \frac{{B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)}}{{B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right]}}</script> <br />
	由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8ebe68d31a380b8fe847363d804cd83b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B\alpha (x),A\beta (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B\alpha (x),A\beta (x)</script> 都是无穷小<br />
	因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_736035306bbaf909f1ca0fc9f1d9f10b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \left[ {B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)} \right] = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \left[ {B\alpha (x) - A\beta (x)} \right] = 0</script> ，即分子为无穷小<br />
	又因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_10edd7a9c4dc787e86a11c54f7f28d37.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right] = \lim \left[ {{B^2} + B\beta (x)} \right] = {B^2} \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim B\left[ {B + \beta (x)} \right] = \lim \left[ {{B^2} + B\beta (x)} \right] = {B^2} \ne 0</script> <br />
	由无穷小性质3可知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_845e84091feb5f9c7ebad0b8b17a3044.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim \gamma (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim \gamma (x) = 0</script> <br />
	证毕。<br />
	<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
	<span style="color:#ff0000;">4. 设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_79ff61aef4d08ff2bdfd1ddc221dbb5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \ge g(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \ge g(x)</script> ，而 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6ec952128478d8a795a06e2a03a58004.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim f(x) = A,\;\lim g(x) = B</script> ，则必有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6d0727bc056f4d31f6835ebc1d357c04.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A \ge B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A \ge B</script> </span><br />
	证：<br />
	令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d83aa9c52d9b80a08e55b091e3d146a7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) = f(x) - g(x) \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) = f(x) - g(x) \ge 0</script> ，则权限的四则运算公式得：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_556c0cf92fc959d08b467c043cc46c29.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim F(x) = \lim \left[ {f(x) - g(x)} \right] = \lim f(x) - \lim g(x) = A - B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim F(x) = \lim \left[ {f(x) - g(x)} \right] = \lim f(x) - \lim g(x) = A - B</script> <br />
	根据函数值与极限值的同号性定理，可知：<br />
	 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1650f09db52f0fd9eca91937938ebd39.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\lim F(x) = A - B \ge 0 \Rightarrow A \ge B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\lim F(x) = A - B \ge 0 \Rightarrow A \ge B</script> <br />
	证毕。</p>
<p>	例1. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e341b565f6394bdf6ed0a868c1fb25e1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} \frac{{2{x^2} + x - 4}}{{3{x^2} + 2}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} \frac{{2{x^2} + x - 4}}{{3{x^2} + 2}}</script> <br />
	解：</p>
<div>
		 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d826081d841d15ea13cc716485f7628a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2} + 2) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2}) + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} 2 = 3\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} {x^2} + 2\\ = 3{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x} \right)^2} + 2 = 3 \cdot {( - 1)^2} + 2 = 5 \end{array}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2} + 2) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2}) + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} 2 = 3\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} {x^2} + 2\\ = 3{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x} \right)^2} + 2 = 3 \cdot {( - 1)^2} + 2 = 5 \end{array}</script> </p>
<div>
			 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6802166695c13e377cb719aa0516cb4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2} + x - 4) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2}) + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} 4\\ = 2{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x} \right)^2} - 1 - 4 = 2 \cdot {( - 1)^2} - 5 = - 3 \end{array}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2} + x - 4) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2}) + \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x - \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} 4\\ = 2{\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} x} \right)^2} - 1 - 4 = 2 \cdot {( - 1)^2} - 5 = - 3 \end{array}</script> <br />
			所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f1aeb940ee7158ff13cdfebbed438f72.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} \frac{{2{x^2} + x - 4}}{{3{x^2} + 2}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2} + x - 4)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2} + 2)}} = - \frac{3}{5}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} \frac{{2{x^2} + x - 4}}{{3{x^2} + 2}} = \frac{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (2{x^2} + x - 4)}}{{\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to - 1} (3{x^2} + 2)}} = - \frac{3}{5}</script> <br />
			<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
			一般地，有：<br />
			 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6d0cd00957c8c4fa5ce21026f479c41f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="R(x) = \frac{{{a_0}{x^n} + {a_1}{x^{n - 1}} + \cdots + {a_{n - 1}}x + {a_n}}}{{{b_0}{x^m} + {b_1}{x^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {b_{m - 1}}x + {b_m}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>R(x) = \frac{{{a_0}{x^n} + {a_1}{x^{n - 1}} + \cdots + {a_{n - 1}}x + {a_n}}}{{{b_0}{x^m} + {b_1}{x^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {b_{m - 1}}x + {b_m}}}</script> <br />
			分母的极限：</p>
<div>
				 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e852dc7f3bbeb6421f20aa841a750211.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} ({b_0}{x^m} + {b_1}{x^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {b_{m - 1}}x + {b_m}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x^{m - j}}} \\ = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} {b_j}{x^{m - j}}} \right)} = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} \end{array}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\begin{array}{l} \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} ({b_0}{x^m} + {b_1}{x^{m - 1}} + \cdots + {b_{m - 1}}x + {b_m}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x^{m - j}}} \\ = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {\left( {\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} {b_j}{x^{m - j}}} \right)} = \sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} \end{array}</script> <br />
				分子的极限：<br />
				 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a3e0e66f93369dca6623c3e915c80db8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} ({a_0}{x^n} + {a_1}{x^{n - 1}} + \cdots + {a_{n - 1}}x + {a_n}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \sum\limits_{i = 0}^m {{a_i}{x^{n - i}}} = \cdots = \sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {{a_i}{x_0}^{n - i}} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} ({a_0}{x^n} + {a_1}{x^{n - 1}} + \cdots + {a_{n - 1}}x + {a_n}) = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \sum\limits_{i = 0}^m {{a_i}{x^{n - i}}} = \cdots = \sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {{a_i}{x_0}^{n - i}} </script> <br />
				若分母极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9e378f71afa1056be60c0d8a408acdb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} \ne 0</script> ，则：<br />
				 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fbcff46de06046cb04f429b1757bb51b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} R(x) = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {{a_i}{x_0}^{n - i}} }}{{\sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} }} = R({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} R(x) = \frac{{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^n {{a_i}{x_0}^{n - i}} }}{{\sum\limits_{j = 0}^m {{b_j}{x_0}^{m - j}} }} = R({x_0})</script> <br />
				<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
				例2. 求 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_66ac68ba8450b16412e049dfc21af476.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{{x^2} - 3x + 2}}{{{x^2} - 5x + 6}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{{x^2} - 3x + 2}}{{{x^2} - 5x + 6}}</script> <br />
				解：<br />
				由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a75f8816ab125ba74a4702774ada3d4a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} ({x^2} - 5x + 6) = 4 - 10 + 6 = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} ({x^2} - 5x + 6) = 4 - 10 + 6 = 0</script> ，所以不能用极限的四则运算公式。<br />
				原式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_31d6ccead1bde28b0d6371078ec59f4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{(x - 1)(x - 2)}}{{(x - 3)(x - 2)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{x - 1}}{{x - 3}} = \frac{1}{{ - 1}} = - 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'> = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{(x - 1)(x - 2)}}{{(x - 3)(x - 2)}} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 2} \frac{{x - 1}}{{x - 3}} = \frac{1}{{ - 1}} = - 1</script> <br />
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				<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第13课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(12)</title>
		<link>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b012/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Jul 2013 08:26:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=6677</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">&#60;定理&#62;&#160; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_772ce30c3228ea6cd796056a9e17d4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A</script> ），A为常数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_449ccf6371f2264b23baabfbedd0c4cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Leftrightarrow \;f(x) = A + \alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Leftrightarrow \;f(x) = A + \alpha (x)</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f51fe1c22f233055c8bc132d2ed0a95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a0745ee7cc6c9b3c907fa086ecb47b34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \alpha (x) = 0</script> ）</span><br />
<span id="more-6677"></span><br />
证：<br />
左推右：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_772ce30c3228ea6cd796056a9e17d4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A</script> ，下面只证前一种情况），根据函数极限定义，对任意给定的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\delta 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left&#124; {x - {x_0}} \right&#124; < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left&#124; {x - {x_0}} \right&#124; < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c864532c1e5a320053874d5abc0b7783.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left&#124; {f(x) - A} \right&#124; < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left&#124; {f(x) - A} \right&#124; < \varepsilon </script> 。<br />
令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_67cbe5fcdf9cc0914c206d85b7561e4f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x) = f(x) - A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x) = f(x) - A</script> ，就有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e67b30799212a05900e96958f04a542.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left&#124; {\alpha (x)} \right&#124; < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left&#124; {\alpha (x)} \right&#124; < \varepsilon </script> <br />
从而有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9217a6855979b370d23c4533bd274c0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b012/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">&lt;定理&gt;&nbsp; <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_772ce30c3228ea6cd796056a9e17d4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A</script> ），A为常数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_449ccf6371f2264b23baabfbedd0c4cb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Leftrightarrow \;f(x) = A + \alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Leftrightarrow \;f(x) = A + \alpha (x)</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f51fe1c22f233055c8bc132d2ed0a95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a0745ee7cc6c9b3c907fa086ecb47b34.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } \alpha (x) = 0</script> ）</span><br />
<span id="more-6677"></span><br />
证：<br />
左推右：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_772ce30c3228ea6cd796056a9e17d4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A</script> ，下面只证前一种情况），根据函数极限定义，对任意给定的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon > 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c864532c1e5a320053874d5abc0b7783.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> 。<br />
令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_67cbe5fcdf9cc0914c206d85b7561e4f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x) = f(x) - A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x) = f(x) - A</script> ，就有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e67b30799212a05900e96958f04a542.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
从而有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9217a6855979b370d23c4533bd274c0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
右推左：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f9217a6855979b370d23c4533bd274c0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = A + \alpha (x),\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> <br />
根据极限定义，对任意给定的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon > 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使得凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e67b30799212a05900e96958f04a542.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon </script> <br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_15fc8ff21d9488a27c5bd3b4c343126d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = A + \alpha (x) \Rightarrow \alpha (x) = f(x) - A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = A + \alpha (x) \Rightarrow \alpha (x) = f(x) - A</script> <br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c45992faed5339364bf68d793d6e7ffa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \varepsilon \Rightarrow \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> ，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> <br />
证毕。</p>
<p><span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">三、无穷小的性质</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">1. 有限个无穷小的代数和仍是无穷小</span><br />
证：<br />
只证两个无穷小的情形（更多个的情形，用数学归纳法便可得结果）。<br />
设有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cc0489c38d1b230270a551f96bedb1d4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \beta (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \beta (x) = 0</script> ，需要证明： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_88ef568835adcd95de9925f0fb171f9c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right] = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right] = 0</script> <br />
由极限定义可知：任意给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon > 0</script> ，对正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c6005409e40104864dfa44fa8d230d7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{\varepsilon }{2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{\varepsilon }{2} > 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85f873cfc59283e6230875925f4d859a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _1} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _1} > 0</script> ，使得凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd722049f2aa19727d89c48c593b1131.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_be71566913c62f45aae34e9fd065ac97.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}</script> <br />
同理，对正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6c6005409e40104864dfa44fa8d230d7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{\varepsilon }{2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{\varepsilon }{2} > 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_154e21a78d99fe056f4c87967785d9b5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _2} > 0</script> ，使得凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d28934253d92cfe5b382a9835480ad06.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9a83038adf7dee69cb4abe3bec323ae.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\beta (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\beta (x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4099ac01ab771ee7a4570661104b3640.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2599129d52d06a355930cede9bd4977.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\} > 0</script> ，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 时，这些 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fed02099968ae1d4f478ec866ac616c3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\alpha (x)}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\alpha (x)}</script> ， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ca78a8046bd4cd54ab847b3a020bbb4a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\beta (x)}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\beta (x)}</script> 同时满足：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8a7f9784aa2619f796cd0d342feb8d2f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2},\;\left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2},\;\left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2}</script> <br />
从而有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_79bc1038c31f7046c49b62bdbab9b0a8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right| \le \left| {\alpha (x)} \right| + \left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2} + \frac{\varepsilon }{2} = \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right| \le \left| {\alpha (x)} \right| + \left| {\beta (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{2} + \frac{\varepsilon }{2} = \varepsilon </script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_88ef568835adcd95de9925f0fb171f9c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right] = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {\alpha (x) + \beta (x)} \right] = 0</script> ，即当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8542461b6f72d149db035efabb37bde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to {x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to {x_0}}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_af197acbfa408006b7f970718c615a56.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\alpha (x) + \beta (x)}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\alpha (x) + \beta (x)}</script> 是无穷小。<br />
证毕。</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">2. 有界函数与无穷小的乘积仍是无穷小</span><br />
证：<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d3166945fda160be53c081da67e25c2b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},{\delta _1}),\;{\delta _1} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},{\delta _1}),\;{\delta _1} > 0</script> 内有界，即存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d1ac966bf54b543b3bb38bb6e0d9a4d7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M > 0,\;{\delta _1} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M > 0,\;{\delta _1} > 0</script> ，使得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52f25b53ce24e4e432bdd9453149836e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \le M,\;x \in N({{\hat x}_0},{\delta _1})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \le M,\;x \in N({{\hat x}_0},{\delta _1})</script> <br />
又设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f51fe1c22f233055c8bc132d2ed0a95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> （即当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8542461b6f72d149db035efabb37bde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to {x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to {x_0}}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 是无穷小）<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
要证明的是：当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8542461b6f72d149db035efabb37bde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to {x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to {x_0}}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e02ed8dff9ce9b307dc293a6a669c51f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)\alpha (x)</script> 是无穷小。<br />
即要证： <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0984af73d5c53025e284abe71b35e2a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right] = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right] = 0</script> <br />
根据极限，任意给定 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon > 0</script> ，对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_93d38ec4b94e7b279312895ab6d39d31.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{\varepsilon }{M} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{\varepsilon }{M} > 0</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_154e21a78d99fe056f4c87967785d9b5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _2} > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d28934253d92cfe5b382a9835480ad06.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3d44a7e82ea013dbf0f30449a2b746f1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\alpha (x)</script> 恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b7a88fc9282c7016a30922544d33bd9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{M}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{M}</script> <br />
现取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f2599129d52d06a355930cede9bd4977.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \min \left\{ {{\delta _1},{\delta _2}} \right\} > 0</script> ，则凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> ，都会使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_46ed49606e6bf748001e229353e4f366.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x)} \right| \le M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x)} \right| \le M</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b7a88fc9282c7016a30922544d33bd9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{M}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < \frac{\varepsilon }{M}</script> <br />
从而有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5e341cc6268bb1a6957d5eff94241fb8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right| = \left| {f(x)} \right|\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < M \cdot \frac{\varepsilon }{M} = \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right| = \left| {f(x)} \right|\left| {\alpha (x)} \right| < M \cdot \frac{\varepsilon }{M} = \varepsilon </script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0984af73d5c53025e284abe71b35e2a3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right] = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \left[ {f(x)\alpha (x)} \right] = 0</script> <br />
证毕。</p>
<p>对一个常数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8394a6aee14e9f9568576535f20bcce.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="C,\;f(x) \equiv C" /></span><script type='math/tex'>C,\;f(x) \equiv C</script> 为有界函数；对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ff38c7654966d007e8abc10ec257c0a4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \gamma (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \gamma (x) = 0</script> ，在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_35414979b2fd1df1a2cc29ac0ddacf47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0})</script> 内 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d00aa485becaf25ba1a3fb3b2076b32a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\gamma (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\gamma (x)</script> 是有界函数，所以有：<br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_362675e2b42f36923aee8a5d5ff36599.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{1^ \circ }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{1^ \circ }</script> </span><span style="color:#ff0000;"> 常数与无穷小的乘积仍是无穷小<br />
</span><span style="color:#0000ff;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_95fce8a80cad3f09af5de9d2170d2d17.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{2^ \circ }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{2^ \circ }</script> </span><span style="color:#ff0000;"> 两个无穷小的乘积仍是无穷小（有限个无穷小的乘积仍是无穷小）<br />
</span><span style="color:#0000ff;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_23cfea4662008603ee95cf7ff23e0c88.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{3^ \circ }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{3^ \circ }</script> </span><span style="color:#ff0000;"> 设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_43973d58b95b69372b51440b0b1d6b4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \ne 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \ne 0,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \alpha (x) = 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> ），则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fae598f101cb9c947b1d1cf50f5e4c99.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> ）</span><br />
证：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_426b4e35f171e63fcd7ab60e90582776.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = \frac{1}{{f(x)}} \cdot \alpha (x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = \frac{1}{{f(x)}} \cdot \alpha (x)</script> <br />
要证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fae598f101cb9c947b1d1cf50f5e4c99.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}} = 0</script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ea7fb315b34a3723e04b22fdad2aa1b4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{{\alpha (x)}}{{f(x)}}</script> 是无穷小），只需证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b99420d968e6dfb2bc250760c2994b9b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{f(x)}}</script> 是有界的，再由性质 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_95fce8a80cad3f09af5de9d2170d2d17.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{2^ \circ }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{2^ \circ }</script> 就可得到性质 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_23cfea4662008603ee95cf7ff23e0c88.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{3^ \circ }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{3^ \circ }</script> 的结论。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_24b0284663d6917eed2931537e66e072.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A \ne 0</script> ，由极限定义，对给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e73912218d5885b664f438b6903927c2.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} > 0</script> ，必定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使得凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b536a3af1c3737f7c3f95d0c8907bc7b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2}</script> <br />
又由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_883dc6984956b7a823d0dc5f859aec79.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| A \right| - \left| {f(x)} \right| \le \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} \Rightarrow \left| A \right| - \left| {f(x)} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} \Rightarrow \left| A \right| - \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} < \left| {f(x)} \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| A \right| - \left| {f(x)} \right| \le \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} \Rightarrow \left| A \right| - \left| {f(x)} \right| < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} \Rightarrow \left| A \right| - \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} < \left| {f(x)} \right|</script> （注：两个数差的绝对值一定 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ead149de4276e53afea51f64086e98c0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \ge " /></span><script type='math/tex'> \ge </script> 它们绝对值的差）<br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_25c87320f548198dd13f4ed9ee8bb10a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} < \left| {f(x)} \right|" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \frac{{\left| A \right|}}{2} < \left| {f(x)} \right|</script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ad70d1bfbe7d61d4879f0534bc78516b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| < \frac{2}{{\left| A \right|}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| < \frac{2}{{\left| A \right|}}</script> （ <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3fd9093ad5265356aa4d5ca9d5007afb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{2}{{\left| A \right|}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{2}{{\left| A \right|}}</script> 相当于有界函数定义中的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_69691c7bdcc3ce6d5d8a1361f22d04ac.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M</script> ）<br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9b06d57a7ad2218e281d3a32719cd2f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\frac{1}{{f(x)}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\frac{1}{{f(x)}}}</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4b946ef78f5db94d0d022b97581c8da4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> 内是有界的。<br />
所以结论成立。<br />
证毕。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第12课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(11)</title>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 22 Jul 2013 06:33:17 +0000</pubDate>
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<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a573807f6b0595e5a9a8cd8c71d4428f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 3" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 3</script> 函数极限的性质和极限的运算</span></div>
<p><span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">一、极限值与函数值的关系</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">1. （极限值的唯一性）如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> 存在，则其极限值是唯一的</span><br />
<span id="more-6632"></span><br />
下面证明这个结论。<br />
证：<br />
用反证法来证明。设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> 存在且不唯一：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd02e355677824e8e4a635390dbf898a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cf1dcfc0e950f883f12f7e5571b15104.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < B</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e824c3aa2925a11c6cb46224e373bdd1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B - A/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>B - A 0</script> ，这个假设后面要用到。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b011/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span></p>
<div style="text-align: center;">
	<span style="background-color:#e6e6fa;"> <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a573807f6b0595e5a9a8cd8c71d4428f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\xi 3" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\xi 3</script> 函数极限的性质和极限的运算</span></div>
<p><span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">一、极限值与函数值的关系</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">1. （极限值的唯一性）如果 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> 存在，则其极限值是唯一的</span><br />
<span id="more-6632"></span><br />
下面证明这个结论。<br />
证：<br />
用反证法来证明。设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> 存在且不唯一：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_dd02e355677824e8e4a635390dbf898a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A,\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cf1dcfc0e950f883f12f7e5571b15104.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < B</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e824c3aa2925a11c6cb46224e373bdd1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B - A > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B - A > 0</script> ，这个假设后面要用到。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
对给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f328ceec641dc6e121f5ca691bcffecf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4} > 0</script> ，由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> ，故由极限定义，对正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_af2da5da1283871c93fd7ac3e9b73530.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4}</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_85f873cfc59283e6230875925f4d859a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _1} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _1} > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_fd722049f2aa19727d89c48c593b1131.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _1}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> ，所对应的函数值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0bb4ad8f52e9801b3a7557ff1395398a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}</script> 。</p>
<p>同理，对给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_f328ceec641dc6e121f5ca691bcffecf.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4} > 0</script> ，由于 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_843dde1f14030c54fc0694ec07b435bb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = B</script> ，故由极限定义，对正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_af2da5da1283871c93fd7ac3e9b73530.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{{B - A}}{4}</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_154e21a78d99fe056f4c87967785d9b5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{\delta _2} > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{\delta _2} > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d28934253d92cfe5b382a9835480ad06.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < {\delta _2}</script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> ，所对应的函数值 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_64e0021d9ad91f671c410d125dc83cbe.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - B} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - B} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}</script> 。</p>
<p>取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_035f56f52edd57a0ee5e3d3cf9b10251.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta = \min \{ {\delta _1},{\delta _2}\} " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta = \min \{ {\delta _1},{\delta _2}\} </script> ，则凡是适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> ，可以使以下两个不等式同时成立：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3680abf742f859dd5e586f1eee242c99.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4},\;\left| {f(x) - B} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4},\;\left| {f(x) - B} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4}</script> <br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
从而有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9f003c1f40a48bb76a5093e63b298197.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B - A = \left| {B - f(x) + f(x) - A} \right| \le \left| {B - f(x)} \right| + \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4} + \frac{{B - A}}{4} = \frac{{B - A}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B - A = \left| {B - f(x) + f(x) - A} \right| \le \left| {B - f(x)} \right| + \left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \frac{{B - A}}{4} + \frac{{B - A}}{4} = \frac{{B - A}}{2}</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7007dcf07e992e210d4fa3fe42ac35a5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B - A < \frac{{B - A}}{2}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B - A < \frac{{B - A}}{2}</script> ，而在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e824c3aa2925a11c6cb46224e373bdd1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="B - A > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>B - A > 0</script> 的情况下，这是不可能成立的。<br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> 是唯一的。</p>
<p><span style="color:#ff0000;">2. 极限值与函数值的同号性</span><br />
<span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">(1)</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> ，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cbdf565b5512842ff0b2b2d163d15605.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A > 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3edc13f89d6135ac4b49cc2e4d360179.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < 0</script> ），则必存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50f07b7f7e5c57ef60f0159ffefea1f7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0}),\;s.t.\;\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0}),\;s.t.\;\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0})</script> ，都有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c243ad9470fbd1ea190d61b5bc0c8a80.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) > 0</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_feca3146c8704d4a903bf717bb4c972e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) < 0</script> ）</span>。<br />
证：<br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cbdf565b5512842ff0b2b2d163d15605.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A > 0</script> ，由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> 和极限定义，可知：<br />
对正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_de3b28d46fcf4b55901ae3cfa12a6408.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \varepsilon \le A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \varepsilon \le A</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b09ea285df4a4975eb22c2ed5d50787c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0,\;s.t." /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0,\;s.t.</script> 适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f64141556f18400dcde4d5e7d46c762.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> ）的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> ，恒有 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c864532c1e5a320053874d5abc0b7783.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < \varepsilon </script> ，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_14e2da7e42e0b5789e036a6fd1243701.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A - \varepsilon < f(x) < A + \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>A - \varepsilon < f(x) < A + \varepsilon </script> <br />
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因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_de3b28d46fcf4b55901ae3cfa12a6408.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \varepsilon \le A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \varepsilon \le A</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_eeaa0d9aa28bede2d129d2cbb8379b6f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A - \varepsilon \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A - \varepsilon \ge 0</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1e0fe24aea1c8f052fc71fc2b4e8ffb3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 \le A - \varepsilon < f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 \le A - \varepsilon < f(x)</script> ，其中 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f64141556f18400dcde4d5e7d46c762.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> <br />
证毕。</p>
<p><span style="background-color:#dda0dd;">(2)</span><span style="color:#0000ff;">设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> ，且在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_35414979b2fd1df1a2cc29ac0ddacf47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0})</script> 内 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c99bb89e2859f281647a5408cfdb77ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \ge 0</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0762b0461138381135478fe7e51fba0b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A \ge 0</script> </span>。<br />
证：<br />
用反证法来证明。假如 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3edc13f89d6135ac4b49cc2e4d360179.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="A < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>A < 0</script> ，又 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> <br />
由已证的(1)，可知存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_35414979b2fd1df1a2cc29ac0ddacf47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0})</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_63027dd920274be575f6ebee1465f97c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) < 0,\;x \in N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) < 0,\;x \in N({{\hat x}_0})</script> <br />
这与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c99bb89e2859f281647a5408cfdb77ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \ge 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \ge 0</script> 的假设矛盾，所以(2)成立。<br />
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例1. 设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 点的某邻域 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2da733f3b457cdc6dd0d565833d9cba9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0})</script> 内有定义，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7cbfbff1fa2bded58ecf0b93563ebed1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}} = - 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}} = - 1</script> ，则必存在某邻域 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_220a17898c5dee3c1c87e6413a643ea1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0},\delta )</script> ，使：<br />
(A) <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c6ce9134273dd9c8020ad6a720e87356.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) > f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) > f({x_0})</script> <br />
(B) <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_72b78facbb554f81ace7ac054a1963b0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) < f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) < f({x_0})</script> （此项为正确答案）<br />
(C) <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6bcbb68f5a3b5c13191f48ea94e45b5f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = f({x_0})</script> <br />
(D)不能判断 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 与 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ca53f06b522757382f4693a907cd0af9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{f({x_0})}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{f({x_0})}</script> 的大小关系<br />
解：<br />
令 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ac0cf16f2d5864db5f5b8c49f836afd6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) = \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) = \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}}</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a6b6f421e9082ed460171be8894c1c72.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = - 1 < 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} F(x) = - 1 < 0</script> <br />
由前面所证的结论(1)可知：一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_220a17898c5dee3c1c87e6413a643ea1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({x_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({x_0},\delta )</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7738e560fd183fc50e2135602051ea40.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) < 0,\;x \in N({x_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) < 0,\;x \in N({x_0},\delta )</script> <br />
由 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5973859f52e76ba391e1a4b850d541df.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="F(x) = \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}} < 0\; \Rightarrow \;f(x) - f({x_0}) < 0\; \Rightarrow \;f(x) < f({x_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>F(x) = \frac{{f(x) - f({x_0})}}{{{{(x - {x_0})}^2}}} < 0\; \Rightarrow \;f(x) - f({x_0}) < 0\; \Rightarrow \;f(x) < f({x_0})</script> （分母为正数）<br />
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<span style="color:#ff0000;">3.（有界性）如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> ）时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6e822c04d41b96462fc9e23a976beda4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \to A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \to A</script> （常数），则一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_892581f6aefecae90be73076e1aeee5c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_0}</script> 的某个邻域 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_35414979b2fd1df1a2cc29ac0ddacf47.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0})" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0})</script> （或存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_274e84913d48006ebfbfb5f68ae16393.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N > 0,\;\left| x \right| > N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N > 0,\;\left| x \right| > N</script> ），使得 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是有界的。</span><br />
证：<br />
已知 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> ，由极限定义，对给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_886bcd3fdffe88eea0d19a851d0f2750.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = 1 > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = 1 > 0</script> ，必定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使得适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ab3ac308bba12afacf6b135c2bcf9df8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - {x_0}} \right| < \delta </script> （即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_0f64141556f18400dcde4d5e7d46c762.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> ）的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> ，恒有：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d775dc067d7c2a990679240cfca5e03a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < 1\; \Leftrightarrow \;A - 1 < f(x) < A + 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x) - A} \right| < 1\; \Leftrightarrow \;A - 1 < f(x) < A + 1</script> <br />
即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4b946ef78f5db94d0d022b97581c8da4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> 内既有上界，又有下界 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_459858ee0fe3916b7baf3dccca77d18c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt=" \Rightarrow " /></span><script type='math/tex'> \Rightarrow </script>  <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4b946ef78f5db94d0d022b97581c8da4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> 内有界。<br />
证毕。</p>
<p><span style="background-color:#40e0d0;">二、函数极限与无穷小的关系</span><br />
设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3731c100fa13b4bae988b9208ce9bcd8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = A</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_772ce30c3228ea6cd796056a9e17d4ab.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = A</script> ），讨论 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9678f2f3b0abe938ed68cc607a31f4d8.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x), A" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x), A</script> 之间有何关系？<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第11课完）</span></p>
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		<title>[原创]高等数学笔记(10)</title>
		<link>https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b010/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[learnhard]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Jul 2013 07:25:58 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Math]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[原创]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[蔡高厅高等数学]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高数笔记]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学教程]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[高等数学笔记]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.codelast.com/?p=6591</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
注意：<br />
1. <span style="color:#ff0000;">不能把无穷大与一个很大的常数混为一谈</span>；<br />
2. <span style="color:#ff0000;">无穷大一定是无界函数，但无界函数不一定是无穷大</span>。<br />
<span id="more-6591"></span><br />
我们来证明一下结论2。先证明无穷大一定是无界函数。<br />
证：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_db07cd03c4bb16d78abd4927d7dafce6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty </script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_40f5feebf0e9b450cc4aa4fbd0df025c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \infty </script> ），即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷大<br />
对任意给定的正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4839ca184f6412387dc8860bff7c5d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>M 0</script> （无论多么大），一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\delta 0</script> （存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d493723cf30e74b145c2f686549b43e0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N/> 0" /</span><script type='math/tex'>N 0</script> ），使得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b097ca1153ee3225d1a4c4b5b05fdb02.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left&#124; {f(x)} \right&#124;/> M" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\left&#124; {f(x)} \right&#124; M</script> （对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f673ada803fd49f4f10bfcbcbb993b9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> ，或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_562abab20c7df36237db48f478d88fa6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left&#124; x \right&#124;/> N" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\left&#124; x \right&#124; N</script> ）<br />
所以，在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4b946ef78f5db94d0d022b97581c8da4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> 内（或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_562abab20c7df36237db48f478d88fa6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left&#124; x \right&#124;/> N" /</span><script type='math/tex'>\left&#124; x \right&#124; N</script> ）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 无界。<br />
证毕。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a>&#8230; <a href="https://www.codelast.com/%e5%8e%9f%e5%88%9b%e9%ab%98%e7%ad%89%e6%95%b0%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b010/" class="read-more">Read More </a></p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>
<span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【前言】</span><br />
请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6183" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">此文</span></a>。<br />
要查看高等数学笔记合集，请看<a href="http://www.codelast.com/?p=6363" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 160, 122);">这里</span></a>。</p>
<p><span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0);">【正文】</span><br />
注意：<br />
1. <span style="color:#ff0000;">不能把无穷大与一个很大的常数混为一谈</span>；<br />
2. <span style="color:#ff0000;">无穷大一定是无界函数，但无界函数不一定是无穷大</span>。<br />
<span id="more-6591"></span><br />
我们来证明一下结论2。先证明无穷大一定是无界函数。<br />
证：设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_db07cd03c4bb16d78abd4927d7dafce6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty </script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_40f5feebf0e9b450cc4aa4fbd0df025c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x) = \infty </script> ），即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷大<br />
对任意给定的正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4839ca184f6412387dc8860bff7c5d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M > 0</script> （无论多么大），一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> （存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d493723cf30e74b145c2f686549b43e0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N > 0</script> ），使得：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b097ca1153ee3225d1a4c4b5b05fdb02.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x)} \right| > M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x)} \right| > M</script> （对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4f673ada803fd49f4f10bfcbcbb993b9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\forall x \in N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> ，或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_562abab20c7df36237db48f478d88fa6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| x \right| > N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| x \right| > N</script> ）<br />
所以，在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4b946ef78f5db94d0d022b97581c8da4.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N({{\hat x}_0},\delta )</script> 内（或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_562abab20c7df36237db48f478d88fa6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| x \right| > N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| x \right| > N</script> ）， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 无界。<br />
证毕。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
再证明无界函数不一定是无穷大。<br />
证：<br />
此处举一个实例即可证明这一点。证明 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9b6f48a57acd1ff75c320d7bab6af9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = x\sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = x\sin x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内是无界函数；但是当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 不是无穷大。<br />
先证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9b6f48a57acd1ff75c320d7bab6af9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = x\sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = x\sin x</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内是无界函数。<br />
对任何 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4839ca184f6412387dc8860bff7c5d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M > 0</script> （无论多么大），现取足够大的正整数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_7b8b965ad4bca0e41ab51de7b31363a1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n</script> ，使 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3ac1dd5695054d82ea3279ad89528ae7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_n} = 2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2} > M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_n} = 2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2} > M</script> ，则：<br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_abb413b510859799b0a47a57a48bcf10.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_n}) = {x_n}\sin {x_n} = (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2})\sin (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) = (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) \cdot 1 > M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_n}) = {x_n}\sin {x_n} = (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2})\sin (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) = (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) \cdot 1 > M</script> <br />
可见， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_05caa54ce01728b0a9cad1d5bd8f58e5.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="(0, + \infty )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>(0, + \infty )</script> 内是无界的。</p>
<p>再证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b9b6f48a57acd1ff75c320d7bab6af9a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = x\sin x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = x\sin x</script> 不是无穷大。<br />
给定 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_16394fca0405a7339ada1becb2298ead.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M = 1</script> ，则无论多么大的正整数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8d9c307cb7f3c4a32822a51922d1ceaa.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>N</script> ，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a8dc30cd20afa5d43292cccdbb5f975f.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="n > N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>n > N</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6849f591dee037f8b401c77e3d993580.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_n} = n\pi > N" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_n} = n\pi > N</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ca413741b22a51d3368eadd37d7ec753.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_n}) = {x_n}\sin {x_n} = n\pi \sin n\pi = 0 < 1 = M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_n}) = {x_n}\sin {x_n} = n\pi \sin n\pi = 0 < 1 = M</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 不是无穷大。即，当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3693c382812dde84fd7adfa20673cb08.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to + \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to + \infty </script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 不是无穷大。<br />
证毕。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
3. 无穷小与无穷大的关系<br />
<span style="color:#0000ff;">定理</span>：<span style="color:#ff0000;">如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8542461b6f72d149db035efabb37bde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to {x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to {x_0}}</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f193a96bda6e249ead15a9f6550db4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to \infty }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to \infty }</script> ）时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷大，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b99420d968e6dfb2bc250760c2994b9b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{f(x)}}</script> 是无穷小，如果当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_c8542461b6f72d149db035efabb37bde.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to {x_0}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to {x_0}}</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_3f193a96bda6e249ead15a9f6550db4c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x \to \infty }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x \to \infty }</script> ）时 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷小，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e15cb3332bf350b05c1d8021f3f2fab3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \ne 0</script> ，则 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b99420d968e6dfb2bc250760c2994b9b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{f(x)}}</script> 是无穷大</span>。<br />
证：<br />
下面只证 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 的情形， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_461c552410bed0a602dc676904c76c4d.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to \infty </script> 的情形可类推。<br />
①设 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷大，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_db07cd03c4bb16d78abd4927d7dafce6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty </script> <br />
任意给定 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9ae0ad2f7132fc9b726536a7b3c55da9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon > 0</script> ，因 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_db07cd03c4bb16d78abd4927d7dafce6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = \infty </script> ，对于正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ae22647d717ca069ce1f4a18a42cd615.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M = \frac{1}{\varepsilon }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M = \frac{1}{\varepsilon }</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bc87030787f11954cc739ad67f25be95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - x0} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - x0} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1980a3071b83d48a19e3c53b35b607b9.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x)} \right| > M = \frac{1}{\varepsilon }" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x)} \right| > M = \frac{1}{\varepsilon }</script> <br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6f1611184a29a9ef74675c5f32193775.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| < \varepsilon " /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| < \varepsilon </script> ，即 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4eb489fcb08f285bdb34f78675cf3136.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{1}{{f(x)}} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} \frac{1}{{f(x)}} = 0</script> <br />
即当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b99420d968e6dfb2bc250760c2994b9b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{f(x)}}</script> 是无穷小。<br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
②设当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 是无穷小，且 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e15cb3332bf350b05c1d8021f3f2fab3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) \ne 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) \ne 0</script> <br />
任意给定正数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_4839ca184f6412387dc8860bff7c5d67.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="M > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>M > 0</script> （无论多么大），因 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bebd9655c84d76a2f3ce61debc8b96d1.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x) = 0</script> <br />
对 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_e7688c462b6dcc9efcfe4676b537a164.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\varepsilon = \frac{1}{M}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\varepsilon = \frac{1}{M}</script> ，一定存在 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_2a9c85f86720953c87d2e1aadbd3d931.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\delta > 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\delta > 0</script> ，使适合不等式 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_bc87030787f11954cc739ad67f25be95.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="0 < \left| {x - x0} \right| < \delta " /></span><script type='math/tex'>0 < \left| {x - x0} \right| < \delta </script> 的一切 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 所对应的 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 满足 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b8ee4af6575c845ea9550a3aab190aa6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left| {f(x)} \right| < \varepsilon = \frac{1}{M} \Rightarrow \left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| > M" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left| {f(x)} \right| < \varepsilon = \frac{1}{M} \Rightarrow \left| {\frac{1}{{f(x)}}} \right| > M</script> <br />
即当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_396c10e77d2db314ee5994a5304cd63a.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to {x_0}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to {x_0}</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_b99420d968e6dfb2bc250760c2994b9b.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\frac{1}{{f(x)}}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\frac{1}{{f(x)}}</script> 是无穷小。<br />
证毕。</p>
<p><span style="background-color:#add8e6;">四、海涅定理/Heine定理</span><br />
<span style="color:#ff0000;">连续自变量 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9dd4e461268c8034f5c8564e155c67a6.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x</script> 的函数 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_50bbd36e1fd2333108437a2ca378be62.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x)</script> 的极限 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_5a0542cfe58e9f7911ae4905f33e8beb.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to {x_0}} f(x)</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_a515f36d66572f83e0550f99c775fcf7.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to \infty } f(x)</script> ）存在的充分必要条件：对任选的数列 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_6e319df04561667e61f096ececb0eb93.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left\{ {{x_n}|{x_n} \to {x_0},{x_n} \ne {x_0}} \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left\{ {{x_n}|{x_n} \to {x_0},{x_n} \ne {x_0}} \right\}</script> （或 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_52f2211173d920cbe8d8808d77eae587.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_n} \to \infty " /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_n} \to \infty </script> ），其所对应的数列 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ee4be0ad03ca4816706ea38b933ab558.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\left\{ {f({x_n})} \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\left\{ {f({x_n})} \right\}</script> 有同一极限。</span><br />
<span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">文章来源：</span><a href="http://www.codelast.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">http://www.codelast.com/</span></a><br />
例. （用海涅定理）证明当 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_9fe168ced7ae92a443518f778e54c096.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="x \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>x \to 0</script> 时， <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_26eb364e0970ad7b5d860b134a889d2e.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f(x) = \sin \frac{1}{x}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f(x) = \sin \frac{1}{x}</script> 的极限不存在。<br />
证：<br />
取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d9c3d5234b4f744cad54c578508d868c.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_n} = \frac{1}{{n\pi }},\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {x_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{1}{{n\pi }} = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_n} = \frac{1}{{n\pi }},\;\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } {x_n} = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{1}{{n\pi }} = 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_ac9fd2f311c67b020931fe7a3ede5c22.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_n}) = \sin \frac{1}{{{x_n}}} = \sin n\pi = 0,\;\left\{ {f({x_n})} \right\} = \left\{ 0 \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_n}) = \sin \frac{1}{{{x_n}}} = \sin n\pi = 0,\;\left\{ {f({x_n})} \right\} = \left\{ 0 \right\}</script> （即数列的每一项都为0）<br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_cae0d62503f03c0876afbb477d75ce54.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}) = 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}) = 0</script> </p>
<p>取 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_94aa0e856ef0187a0c1f4c7805b692ff.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="{x_n}^\prime = \frac{1}{{2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}}} \to 0" /></span><script type='math/tex'>{x_n}^\prime = \frac{1}{{2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}}} \to 0</script> <br />
 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_d47a1f838170181cf2ceca745a82f0d0.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="f({x_n}^\prime ) = \sin (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) = 1,\;\left\{ {f({x_n}^\prime )} \right\} = \left\{ 1 \right\}" /></span><script type='math/tex'>f({x_n}^\prime ) = \sin (2n\pi + \frac{\pi }{2}) = 1,\;\left\{ {f({x_n}^\prime )} \right\} = \left\{ 1 \right\}</script> （即数列的每一项都为1）<br />
因此 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_1a44980b353d85e2fa946a447d697722.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}^\prime ) = 1" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}^\prime ) = 1</script> <br />
因为 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_8181bf21b741cca68b3f10139389eed3.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}) \ne \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}^\prime )" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}) \ne \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } f({x_n}^\prime )</script> <br />
所以 <span class='MathJax_Preview'><img src='https://www.codelast.com/wp-content/plugins/latex/cache/tex_989654968330cda449131e2a27f66b32.gif' style='vertical-align: middle; border: none; padding-bottom:2px;' class='tex' alt="\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f(x)" /></span><script type='math/tex'>\mathop {\lim }\limits_{x \to 0} f(x)</script> 不存在（由海涅定理可知）<br />
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<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">（第10课完）</span></p>
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